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- General Physical Changes Associated with Aging
- Cognitive and Behavioral Changes
- Skin and Coat Changes
- Changes in Body Weight and Condition
- Musculoskeletal Changes
- Changes in the Special Senses
- Oral and Gingival Changes
- Gastrointestinal Tract Changes
- Cardiac Changes
- Respiratory Tract Changes
- Renal and Urinary Tract Changes
- Changes to the Endocrine System
- Immune System Changes
- Conclusions
- ABBREVIATIONS
- References
- Appendix
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Common physical and functional changes associated with aging in dogs
In the broadest sense, aging refers to the natural, progressive series of life stages beginning with conception and continuing through development, maturation, and senescence. Most often, however, the term is more narrowly used to refer to the complex set of biological changes occurring in older individuals that result in a progressive reduction of the ability to maintain homeostasis when exposed to internal physiologic and external environmental stresses.
Older dogs make up a substantial proportion of the pet dog population in the United States. One
Contributor Notes
Dr. Daristotle's present address is 4272 State Rte 732 W, Eaton, OH 45320.
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