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Canine parainfluenza virus has been recognized as an infectious cofactor in the canine respiratory disease complex or CITB (commonly known as kennel cough) for almost 50 years. It was shown to be a prevalent and highly communicable agent that was commonly implicated in outbreaks of CITB whenever thorough etiologic investigations were undertaken. Soon after its discovery, it was included in vaccines for dogs. Although poorly documented, there is undoubtedly less CPIV-associated disease in vaccinated populations, and as for many pathogens, especially in small animal medicine where there are usually no economic incentives to do so, definitive etiologic diagnoses of CPIV