To the authors' knowledge, topically applied cold treatment (cryotherapy) of digits is the only treatment that has been shown to effectively ameliorate severity of digital laminar lesions attributable to experimentally induced acute laminitis in horses. Continuous application of cryotherapy to the distal aspect of limbs for 48 hours prevents lameness and results in improved epidermal laminar histologic scores in horses in which laminitis has been induced via carbohydrate overload.1 This treatment has been shown to be safe and well tolerated in clinically normal horses, resulting in a mean ± SE hoof temperature of 11.9 ± 1.0°C at 2 hours after beginning cryotherapy.2 Recently, immersion of the distal aspects of limbs of horses in a circulating water bath with a temperature of 1°C for 72 hours was reported to eliminate lameness and result in improved digital laminar histologic scores 7 days after induction of laminitis by nasogastric administration of oligofructose.3,4 Although effective, cryotherapy methods used in those studies3,4 (placement of horse limbs into a 63-cm-tall vinyl boot containing ice and water or using a circulating refrigerated bath) restrict movement and necessitate constant monitoring of horses. As a result, those methods are not commonly used in clinical practice to treat horses for laminitis.
Laminar temperature has been measured by use of thermography,5 thermistors housed in stainless steel probes inserted into hoof walls,2 and 22-gauge hypodermic thermoprobes inserted into laminae of dorsal aspects of hoof walls.6 A disadvantage of the first 2 techniques is that the measured temperature is a function of the digital laminar and environmental (ice and water slurry) temperatures. For this reason, insertion of laminar thermocouples directly into the epidermal-dermal laminar interface, in a manner similar to a described technique,6 was chosen for measurement of laminar temperatures in the study reported here. To the authors' knowledge, direct in vivo measurement of digital venous temperature has not been reported in horses.
We hypothesized that cryotherapy of horse limbs by means of a boot filled with ice and water that extended proximally to the distal aspect of the antebrachium (wader-style boot) would cause more substantial cooling of limbs than a 5-L fluid bag filled with ice and water or a commercially available frozen gel pack boot. We also hypothesized that laminar temperatures of horses would attain lower minimum values than digital venous temperatures during cryotherapy.
Materials and Methods
Animals—Nine healthy adult Thoroughbreds (5 mares and 4 geldings) ranging in age from 2 to 23 years (median, 8 years) that did not have signs of lameness or laminitis (as determined on the basis of physical and lameness examinations) were enrolled in the study. Each horse was placed in a stocks in a standing position and sedated with detomidine hydrochloridea (0.01 mg/kg, IV) and butorphanol tartrateb (0.01 mg/kg, IV) for placement of thermocouples.c Horses tolerated standing in stocks; however, additional doses of detomidine hydrochloride (0.05 mg/kg, IV) and butorphanol tartrate (0.05 mg/kg, IV) were administered as needed to some of the horses to keep them standing with a forelimb in a wader boot or 5-L fluid bag filled with ice and water. The amount of sedation administered to horses was recorded, and the degree of sedation of horses was subjectively scored by 1 investigator (HLR) as light, moderate, or heavy. Horses were offered free-choice water and timothy hay during the experiment. All experimental procedures were performed at Cornell University. The study was approved by the Cornell University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
Thermocouple placement—For each horse, distal aspects of both forelimbs were clipped of hair and scrubbed with chlorhexidine gluconate. A low 4-point nerve block was performed for both forelimbs; 1 mL of 2% lidocaine hydrochlorided was injected at each nerve block site. In addition, 1 mL of lidocaine hydrochlorided was injected SC on the dorsal midline aspect of limbs approximately 0.5 cm proximal to coronary bands. A 10-cm-wide rubber tourniquet was applied to the proximal aspect of the metacarpal region of limbs to cause distention of digital veins, and 1.30 × 45-mm polyethylene catheterse were placed into the lumens of lateral proper palmar digital veins at the level of the proximal sesamoid bones and directed distally. Sterile tissue-implantable thermocouple microprobesc were introduced into veins through the catheters and advanced distally until resistance prevented further advancement. Catheters were removed, and thermocouples were secured to skin with n-butyl cyanoacrylate.f A second implantable thermocouple microprobe was inserted into epidermal laminar tissues of each digit by advancing the thermocouple distally through a 1.024 × 38-mm hypodermic needlee that was placed on the dorsal midline aspect of limbs 0.5 cm proximal to the coronary band and advanced distally to the hub of the needle. The needle was removed, and the thermocouple was secured to skin with n-butyl cyanoacrylate.f
Radiography—Thermocouple positioning was confirmed following probe placement by acquisition and evaluation of lateral-medial and dorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique radiographic images of both forelimb feet of each horse. Evaluation of radiographic images revealed that there was more variability in positioning of the venous thermocouple than the laminar thermocouple. Position of venous thermocouples was categorized into 1 of 2 groups for each limb: within the hoof or within the region between the metacarpophalangeal joint and the coronary band (ie, pastern).
Study design and cryotherapy—A crossover study design was used to assess 3 methods of cryotherapy of digits of horses, which included a gel pack boot (hook-and-loop fastener boot with frozen gel packsg placed on the distal aspects of limbs), an ice bag (5-L fluid bagh filled with a mixture of crushed ice and water [ice slurry] extending from the hoof to the proximal aspect of the pastern), and a wader booti (vinyl boot filled with ice slurry extending from the hoof to the distal aspect of the antebrachium). The order in which the gel boot and ice bag treatments were applied was randomized, and the forelimb to which the first treatment was applied was randomized. Because of protracted rewarming time of digits following application of wader boot treatment for the first 2 horses in the study, it was applied as the third treatment for subsequent horses. Treated forelimb and forelimb exposed to control conditions were alternated for each cryotherapy method. Gel packs were replaced and ice slurries were replenished every hour during each cryotherapy period. Ambient, rectal, and pastern surface temperatures were measured prior to initiation of cryotherapy and every hour during the experiment. Ambient temperature was not controlled and ranged from 13.9° to 25.9°C during experiments; however, the largest range in ambient temperature for any of the horses during an experiment was 3.4°C. Rectal temperature was measured with a digital thermometer, and ambient and pastern temperatures were measured with a thermocouplej (similar to the digital laminar and venous thermocouples) and a microprobe thermometer.k Digital laminar and venous temperatures were simultaneously recorded to 2 data logging devicesl for treated limbs and limbs exposed to control conditions at 1-minute intervals during the experiment.
For each cryotherapy method, digital laminar and venous temperatures were measured in both forelimbs of each horse every minute during the 15-minute pretreatment period (baseline), 2-hour treatment, and ≥ 30 minute rewarming period. The ≥ 30 minute-rewarming period after each treatment was intended to allow the temperature of both digits of each horse to return to within 3°C below baseline temperature prior to beginning another treatment.
After completion of experiments, thermocouples were removed and hemostatic pressure bandages were applied to digital vasculature of horses for 10 minutes. Distal aspects of limbs were bandaged (standing wraps) overnight (12 hours). Horses were monitored by physical examination and palpation of the distal aspect of the limbs for 48 hours following experiments to detect swelling, lameness, or other complications.
Statistical analysis—Mean ± SE minimum digital laminar and venous temperatures and mean ± SE digital laminar and venous temperature changes (mean pretreatment [baseline] temperature – minimum temperature during treatment) were calculated for each cryotherapy method. Prior to logistic regression model fitting, all potential covariates were screened for significance at P < 0.10. The following covariates with a value of P > 0.10 were excluded from the model: limb (left or right), digital venous thermocouple position (hoof or pastern), experiment location (standing stocks in one of two separate barns), order of treatment (first, second, or third), date on which experiment was performed, sex, age, level of sedation (light, moderate, or heavy) required for completion of experiment, and ambient temperature during the experiment.
A 1-way ANOVA was performed with a Tukey-Kramer honestly significant difference post hoc test to detect differences in minimum temperatures and temperature changes among treatments. The effect of cryotherapy among groups was analyzed for data collected at 15-minute intervals during the 120-minute treatment period via repeated-measures 1-way ANOVA. A 2-sample t test for the difference in population means was used to compare minimum laminar hoof temperature data from the present study with data reported by other authors.2 Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were calculated to determine relationships among variables. Statistical analyses were performed with statistical software.m Values of P < 0.05 were considered significant.
Results
Clinical observations—All horses tolerated laminar and venous thermocouples well, and all horses tolerated standing in stocks. No swelling, lameness, or other complications associated with placement of thermocouples were detected. Level of sedation was not significantly correlated with minimum digital laminar temperature (P = 0.66) or minimum digital venous temperature (P = 0.55). Data were recorded for a minimum of 30 minutes after wader boot treatments; however, because of scheduling constraints, data were not collected for sufficient duration to enable digital temperatures to return to within 3°C below baseline digital temperatures after this treatment in all horses. For 6 horses, complete data (data for 15 minutes of baseline temperature, data for 120 minutes of treatment, and data for ≥ 30 minutes of rewarming) were recorded for all 3 cryotherapy methods. Data were incomplete for 3 horses (thermocouple failure for 1 horse, data logging device failure for 1 horse, and failure of digital temperature to return to within 3°C below baseline temperature within 5 hours of rewarming in 1 horse). Complete data were obtained for 6 gel pack boot treatments, 7 wader boot treatments, and 8 ice bag treatments.
Radiography and thermocouple location—Radiography revealed that there was no detectable rotation of the distal phalanx away from the dorsal aspect of the hoof wall in any of the horses (ie, there were no radiographic signs of laminitis). Radiography revealed that there was more variability in position of digital venous thermocouples versus position of digital laminar thermocouples. Nine digital venous thermocouples were within the lateral proper palmar digital vein in the pastern, and 9 digital venous thermocouples were within the hoof capsule, most (7/9) of which had been advanced to the level of the lateral aspect of the distal sesamoid (navicular) bone. One thermocouple had been advanced into the coronal vein, and 1 thermocouple had been advanced into the bulbar ramus of the lateral proper palmar digital vein. Digital venous thermocouple location (hoof vs pastern) did not have a significant (P = 0.86) effect on digital venous temperature. Digital laminar thermocouple position was similar between forelimbs of each horse and consistent among all horses; these thermocouples were approximately 25 to 30 mm distal to the coronary band and 0 to 5 mm dorsal to the dorsal radiographic border of the distal phalanx (Figure 1).
Representative lateral-medial radiographic image of the left forelimb digit of a horse in which thermocouples were placed in a lateral palmar digital vein (venous thermocouple; black line along palmar aspect of limb) and digital lamina of the dorsal aspect of a hoof (laminar thermocouple; black line along dorsal aspect of limb). Notice the placement of the laminar thermocouple in digital lamina distal to the coronary band (black circle) and placement of the venous thermocouple within the hoof near the level of the distal sesamoid (navicular) bone.
Citation: American Journal of Veterinary Research 73, 6; 10.2460/ajvr.73.6.860
Cryotherapy temperature data—There were no significant differences between mean baseline laminar (P = 0.17) or venous (P = 0.33) temperatures for control or treated limbs prior to beginning each treatment (gel boot, ice bag, and wader boot). Ambient temperature was significantly correlated with baseline digital venous (P = 0.009) and laminar (P < 0.001) temperatures but was not significantly correlated with posttreatment digital venous (P = 0.65) or laminar (P = 0.72) temperatures. Minimum digital laminar and venous temperatures were closely correlated (r = 0.98), and pastern surface temperatures were highly correlated with digital laminar (r = 0.86) and venous (r = 0.87) temperatures.
Wader boot and ice bag treatments caused significant (P < 0.001) digital laminar (mean ± SE temperature change, −24.44 ± 1.5°C and −23.29 ± 1.4°C, respectively) and venous (mean ± SE temperature change, −22.04 ± 1.6°C and −19.49 ± 1.5°C, respectively; Figure 2) cooling. Mean ± SE minimum digital laminar temperatures of 11.14 ± 1.7°C and 11.41 ± 1.6°C were achieved for wader boot and ice bag treatments, respectively. Mean ± SE minimum digital venous temperatures of 13.27 ± 1.6°C and 15.43 ± 1.5°C were obtained for wader boot and ice bag treatments, respectively. Digital laminar and venous temperatures were not significantly different for wader boot and ice bag treatments; however, they were significantly lower than temperatures for control or gel boot treatments. Mean minimum laminar temperature for the wader boot treatment (11.14 ± 1.7°C) was not significantly (P = 0.36) different from mean laminar temperatures achieved by Pollitt et al2 in clinically normal horses by use of a similar method of cryotherapy.
Mean ± SE minimum digital laminar and venous temperatures in forelimbs of 9 healthy horses that underwent 3 methods of topically applied cold treatment (cryotherapy) and in contralateral forelimbs simultaneously exposed to control (no treatment) conditions. Temperatures were measured with thermocouples placed in digital laminae of the dorsal aspect of a hoof (black bars) and in a lateral palmar digital vein (gray bars). Methods of cold treatment included a gel pack boot (gel; hook-and-loop fastener boot with frozen gel packsg placed on the distal aspect of limbs), a 5-L ice bag (ice bag; 5-L fluid bagh filled with ice and water [ice slurry] extending proximally from the digit to the proximal aspect of the region between the metacarpophalangeal joint and the coronary band (ie, pastern), and a wader booti (wader; vinyl boot filled with ice slurry extending from the digit to the distal aspect of the antebrachium). Values for limbs exposed to control conditions during each treatment (gel control, ice bag control, and wader control) were determined. Each treatment was applied for 120 minutes. Order in which gel boot and ice bag treatments were applied was randomized. The forelimb to which the first treatment was applied was randomized, and treated forelimb and control forelimb were alternated for each subsequent cryotherapy method. Because of protracted rewarming time of digits following application of wader boot treatment for the first 2 horses in the study, it was applied as the third treatment in subsequent horses. a,bValues with different letters are significantly (P < 0.05) different.
Citation: American Journal of Veterinary Research 73, 6; 10.2460/ajvr.73.6.860
Wader boot and ice bag treatments caused similar pastern surface cooling (mean ± SE temperature change, −14.8 ± 1.1°C and −11.9 ± 1.0°C, respectively); these values were significantly (P < 0.001) different from values for gel boot treatment and control conditions (mean ± SE temperature change, −1.2 ± 1.1°C and −1.6 ± 0.6°C, respectively). Mean ± SE minimum pastern surface temperatures were 16.7 ± 1.3°C (wader boot), 17.6 ± 1.2°C (ice bag), 28.2 ± 0.7°C (gel boot), and 29.0 ± 1.3°C (control conditions).
Wader boot and ice bag treatments typically caused marked cooling in treated limbs and minimal cooling in contralateral untreated control limbs (Figure 3). Analysis of pooled data for control conditions indicated that digital laminar temperature decreased slightly from the beginning to the end of the study (mean ± SE temperature change, −2.22 ± 0.9°C); mean ± SE digital laminar temperature of limbs during control conditions was 32.59 ± 1.0°C. Digital venous temperature during control conditions also decreased slightly from the beginning to the end of the study (mean ± SE temperature change, −2.05 ± 0.9°C); mean ± SE digital venous temperature of limbs during control conditions was 32.75 ± 1.0°C. Gel boot treatment caused a slight decrease in digital laminar temperature (mean ± SE temperature change, −2.08 ± 1.7°C) in treated limbs; mean ± SE laminar temperature was 33.40 ± 1.8°C. Gel boot treatment caused a similar decrease in digital venous temperature (mean ± SE temperature change, −2.48 ± 1.7°C) in treated limbs; mean ± SE digital venous temperature was 32.67 ± 1.8°C (Figure 2). There were no significant differences among data for limbs during control conditions for any of the 3 cryotherapy methods (gel boot control, ice bag control, and wader control conditions) or for gel boot-treated limbs. Rewarming time of digits (time to return to within 3°C below baseline temperature) was not determined after the final treatment for all horses because of scheduling constraints. Temperatures were monitored for a minimum of 30 minutes and a maximum of 305 minutes after the final treatment. Rewarming to within 3°C of baseline was not observed within 30 to 305 minutes after final wader and ice bag treatments.
Representative temperature profile of forelimbs of a horse that was treated with the 3 methods of topically applied cold treatment (cryotherapy) described in Figure 2. The profile depicts digital laminar (solid black line) and digital venous (dotted black line) temperatures in the treated limb, digital laminar (solid gray line) and digital venous (dotted gray line) temperatures in the contralateral limb exposed to control conditions, and rectal temperatures (black circles). The order, timing, and duration (120 minutes) of each treatment are indicated by the horizontal bars at the top of the graph. Notice there was marked cooling of digits during ice bag and wader boot treatments and minimal cooling during gel boot treatment.
Citation: American Journal of Veterinary Research 73, 6; 10.2460/ajvr.73.6.860
Discussion
Results of the present study indicated that ice bag and wader boot treatments, both of which included use of ice slurry, caused similar significant reductions of digital laminar and venous temperatures in horses; digital laminar temperatures were reduced > 23°C and digital venous temperatures were reduced > 19°C, compared with temperatures during control conditions. Gel boot treatment did not cause significant cooling of digital laminar or venous temperatures. To the authors' knowledge, continuous application of cryotherapy to the distal aspect of limbs is the only treatment that ameliorates severity of lesions attributable to acute oligofructose-induced laminitis in horses.3,4 Results of the present study support the continuous application of cryotherapy to the distal aspect of limbs of horses via a 5-L fluid bag or a 63-cm-tall vinyl wader boot filled with ice slurry (replenished at hourly intervals).
A crossover study design was used in the present study; all 3 methods of cryotherapy were investigated in each horse. The rationale for use of the same horses to investigate all 3 treatments was to control for potential variability among horses by use of a forelimb of each horse as a control limb during cryotherapy of contralateral forelimbs. This approach increased the statistical power of the study without requiring an increase in sample size, thus minimizing the number of horses used in the experiment. The order in which treatments were applied and forelimb (left or right) to which the first treatment was applied were randomized for each horse; limbs contralateral to those undergoing cryotherapy were not treated (control conditions). Subsequent treatments were not applied until digital laminar and venous temperatures returned to within 3°C below baseline temperatures in treated limbs. The minimum duration of the rewarming period was 30 minutes; however, the time required for temperatures in treated limbs to return to within 3°C below baseline temperatures was substantially longer following application of cryotherapy methods that resulted in substantial cooling.
In most horses, the minimum digital laminar temperature during wader boot and ice bag treatments was lower than the minimum digital venous temperature during those treatments. The mean difference between digital laminar and venous temperatures was greater for ice bag treatment (4°C) than for wader boot treatment (2°C). Immersion of an entire metacarpus in ice slurry (wader boot treatment) may increase the surface area available for counter-current heat exchange between digital arteries and veins, thereby resulting in lower digital venous temperatures than may be achieved with other treatments. No evidence of vasodilation or hyperthermia was detected in digits during or immediately after application of cryotherapy methods in the present study, although the 120-minute period of cryotherapy may have been too short to elicit such a response in the horses. Other authors3 detected periodic increases in hoof temperature in 4 of 6 control horses undergoing cryotherapy; there was an increase in hoof temperature approximately once per day in those horses. Recurrent periods of vasodilation were also detected in horses in which laminitis was induced by administration of carbohydrate; however, this response was not detected until 3 days after induction of laminitis.3
Cryotherapy has been recommended for prevention of laminitis in horses affected by systemic diseases such as colitis, metritis, and pleuropneumonia. The mechanism of action by which cryotherapy may reduce severity of laminitis is undetermined. Potential mechanisms include a hypometabolic effect in tissues, leading to reduced digital laminar tissue requirements for energy metabolites; inhibition of proteases capable of degrading components of laminar extracellular matrix (eg, matrix metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs-4); inhibition of inflammation within laminar tissues; and vasoconstriction in digits causing reduction in delivery of circulating substances (as yet unidentified) capable of inducing laminitis.2–4,7–10 Other authors11 have reported that cryotherapy of digits prevents upregulation of cytokine, chemokine, and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA in digital laminar tissues during the developmental and acute phases of oligofructose-induced laminitis in horses.
Authors of another study12 found that cooling of isolated equine cutaneous digital arteries and veins from 30° to 22°C enhances their contractile responses in vitro; this response is mediated by postsynaptic α2C-adrenoceptors. Rho kinase activation and production of reactive oxygen species contribute to cooling-enhanced contractile responses in isolated digital cutaneous veins of horses.13 Cooling from 30° to 22°C enhances serotonergic-mediated contraction but inhibits α-adrenoceptor response in in vitro preparations of digital small laminar arteries of horses; contraction is most evident in endothelium-denuded small laminar arteries, suggesting that endothelium may play an important role in preventing excessive vasoconstriction and maintaining blood flow during conditions of cool environmental temperature.14 An abundance of contradictory information exists regarding whether development of laminitis is predominantly associated with vasoconstriction, vasodilation, or formation of microthrombi. However, it appears that venoconstriction develops more commonly than arterial constriction during laminitis.15–23 Vascular dysregulation and disruption of vascular homeostasis may be more appropriate terms for describing events during the developmental phase of laminitis because these events likely develop concurrently. Because digital venous or microvascular temperatures may indicate the efficacy of cryotherapy as accurately or more accurately than temperatures at the dermal-epidermal digital laminar interface, implantable thermocouples were placed in equine digital veins for comparison of those temperatures with laminar temperatures in the present study.
The digital temperature necessary to prevent development of laminitis in horses is not known. van Eps and Pollitt1 have reported that maintaining a hoof temperature < 5°C, as measured with a thermoprobe inserted into the stratum medium of the dorsal aspect of a hoof wall, is effective in preventing severe laminitis in horses that received an overload of carbohydrate via nasogastric intubation. In that study,1 cryotherapy of the distal aspect of limbs was performed continuously for 48 or 72 hours by means of a vinyl boot containing ice slurry or a continuously circulating water bath. Cryotherapy by use of these methods effectively prevents signs of lameness and results in reduced severity of digital laminar histologic scores and reduced expression of laminar matrix metalloproteinase-2 mRNA.1,3 A digital laminar temperature < 5°C was achieved in only 1 horse in the present study. Minimum laminar temperature during wader boot treatment was 11.14 ± 1.7°C in the present study, which was substantially warmer than the laminar temperature achieved in the study of van Eps and Pollitt.1 However, the present study included clinically normal horses, and the mean laminar temperatures achieved were similar to laminar temperatures reported by Pollitt and van Eps2 in clinically normal horses during application of a similar method of cryotherapy. In that study,2 the mean ± SE hoof temperature of cryotherapy-treated limbs at 2 hours after start of treatment was 11.9 ± 1.0°C, which was not significantly different from digit temperatures in the present study. These findings suggest that, had laminitis been induced in horses via carbohydrate overload in the present study, minimum digital laminar temperature in those horses may have been similar to the minimum laminar temperature (mean ± SE, 3.5 ± 0.9°C) detected in horses in the other study.1 The finding that treatment with a 5-L fluid bag filled with ice slurry resulted in laminar temperatures similar to those detected during wader boot treatment in the present study suggests that ice bag treatment may be as effective as wader boot treatment in preventing laminitis. However, this hypothesis was not tested in the present study.
Similar to results of the present study, other authors1 found that hoof temperature in ice-slurry–treated limbs was still significantly lower than that of untreated limbs at 2 hours following cessation of cryotherapy. In the present study, digit temperatures during the rewarming period were not monitored long enough to determine when they returned to baseline values after all treatments that were performed last because of scheduling constraints. Nonetheless, our findings provided more evidence that the cooling effect of cryotherapy in the distal aspect of limbs of horses may be persistent, which indicates that there may be a prolonged effect even after cryotherapy is discontinued. However, the ideal or minimum temperature necessary to cause a protective effect against development of laminitis remains unknown; for this reason, we recommend that continuous cryotherapy remain a recommended treatment for laminitis until evidence is provided that suggests it should not be.
Results of this study provided evidence that application of ice slurry to a region including the hoof and pastern may be as effective in lowering laminar and venous temperatures in the distal aspect of limbs of clinically normal horses as application of ice slurry to a region that includes the hoof to the distal aspect of the antebrachium. In addition to being less cumbersome to apply than wader boots, 5-L fluid bags were more affordable and could be readily applied to all 4 limbs in horses affected by systemic conditions that place them at risk for developing laminitis.
Dormosedan, Pfizer Animal Health, New York, NY.
Torbugesic, Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, Iowa.
Type IT-18 implantable thermocouple microprobe, Physitemp, Clifton, NJ.
American Reagent Inc, Shirley, NY.
Tyco Healthcare, Covidien, Mansfield, Mass.
Vetbond, 3M Animal Care Products, Saint Paul, Minn.
Grand Circuit Gel Products LLC, Louisville, Ky.
Plasmalyte, Baxter Healthcare Corp, Deerfield, Ill.
Jack's Whirlpool boot, Jack's Manufacturing Inc, Washington, Ohio.
Type T thermocouple, Omega Engineering Inc, Stamford, Conn.
BAT-12 microprobe thermometer, Tyco Healthcare, Covidien, Mansfield, Mass.
Oakton Temp-300, Oakton Instruments, Vernon Hills, Ill.
JMP, version 8.0, SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC.
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