Summary
Endoscopy of the nasopharynx, pharynx, and larynx was performed in each of 25 adult Jersey cows, age and body weight of which ranged from 2 to 6 years and 300 to 365 kg, respectively. The endoscopic appearance of normal anatomic structures of the proximal portion of the airway were described. Observations specific to female dairy cattle were: the nasal septum, which tapered caudodorsally in the distal third of the nasal passage; the ability to observe both ethmoturbinates from the same viewing side; presence of a pharyngeal septum; the nasopharyngeal opening of the auditory tubes dorsolateral to the pharyngeal septum; and the appearance of the larynx — a triangular epiglottis with round borders and prominent corniculate process of the arytenoid cartilages. Tracheoscopy was performed in 13 cows. Of 11 cows for which the soft palate could be observed immediately after withdrawing the endoscope, 7 had dorsal displacement of the soft palate.
