Effect of head and neck position on respiratory mechanics in horses sedated with xylazine

J. P. Lavoie From the Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616.

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J. R. Pascoe From the Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616.

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C. J. Kurpershoek From the Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616.

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SUMMARY

We studied the temporal changes in respiratory mechanics associated with xylazine administration (1.1 mg/kg of body weight, iv) in standing horses (experiment 1), and determined the effects of head and neck position (experiment 2) and atropine administration (experiment 3) on the observed changes.

Thoroughbred geldings, 3 to 5 years old (5 in experiment 1, 4 in experiments 2 and 3) were used. Flow rates were obtained from a pneumotachograph and a differential transducer attached to a tight-fitting mask. Electronic integration of the flow signal gave tidal volume. Total pulmonary pressure (PL) was defined as the difference between esophageal pressure, measured with a balloon sealed to the end of a polyethylene catheter, and mask pressure. In experiment 3, a blunt cannula positioned in the dorsal third of the eighth or tenth intercostal space was used to estimate transpulmonary pressure. Lateral tracheal pressure was measured, using a polypropylene catheter inserted percutaneously in the mid-extrathoracic tracheal lumen. Upper and lower airway pressures were defined as the difference between mask pressure or transpulmonary pressure and lateral tracheal pressure, respectively.

Five observations were made: (1) There was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in PL from 10 to 40 minutes after administration of xylazine. (2) Although an overall agreement between head and neck position and PL was detected, the maximal PL value was not always obtained with lowest head and neck position. (3) Lower and upper airway resistance increased with low head carriage, with a greater increase in upper airway resistance resulting in a decrease in lower to total airway resistance ratio. (4) Increased airway resistance was reversed by elevating the head and neck. (5) Atropine did not prevent the increase in airway resistance during sedation with xylazine and had no effect on resistance with changes in head position.

SUMMARY

We studied the temporal changes in respiratory mechanics associated with xylazine administration (1.1 mg/kg of body weight, iv) in standing horses (experiment 1), and determined the effects of head and neck position (experiment 2) and atropine administration (experiment 3) on the observed changes.

Thoroughbred geldings, 3 to 5 years old (5 in experiment 1, 4 in experiments 2 and 3) were used. Flow rates were obtained from a pneumotachograph and a differential transducer attached to a tight-fitting mask. Electronic integration of the flow signal gave tidal volume. Total pulmonary pressure (PL) was defined as the difference between esophageal pressure, measured with a balloon sealed to the end of a polyethylene catheter, and mask pressure. In experiment 3, a blunt cannula positioned in the dorsal third of the eighth or tenth intercostal space was used to estimate transpulmonary pressure. Lateral tracheal pressure was measured, using a polypropylene catheter inserted percutaneously in the mid-extrathoracic tracheal lumen. Upper and lower airway pressures were defined as the difference between mask pressure or transpulmonary pressure and lateral tracheal pressure, respectively.

Five observations were made: (1) There was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in PL from 10 to 40 minutes after administration of xylazine. (2) Although an overall agreement between head and neck position and PL was detected, the maximal PL value was not always obtained with lowest head and neck position. (3) Lower and upper airway resistance increased with low head carriage, with a greater increase in upper airway resistance resulting in a decrease in lower to total airway resistance ratio. (4) Increased airway resistance was reversed by elevating the head and neck. (5) Atropine did not prevent the increase in airway resistance during sedation with xylazine and had no effect on resistance with changes in head position.

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