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Moreover, polarization of M1 and M2 is dependent on several main factors, such as receptor-interacting protein 140, 12 chemerin15 (which induces alternatively activated polarization of M2 macrophages and consequently suppresses inflammation), 15 and
SUMMARY
The activation of the complement system of rainbow trout by trout C-reactive protein (crp) was investigated. Complement fixation tests were performed by using rabbit hemolysin-sensitized sheep erythrocytes and rainbow trout complement. Purified crp increased the consumption of complement in the presence of Streptococcus pneumoniae C-polysaccharide (cps), indicating the activation of the complement system. In contrast to this, acute phase serum activated the complement in the absence of cps. Consumption of the complement by acute-phase serum was depressed when crp was removed from acute-phase serum by cps-sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. The acute-phase serum, as well as crp plus cps, suppressed in vitro growth of Vibrio anguillarum in the presence of complement, and enhanced the phagocytosis of the bacteria by glass-adherent peritoneal exudate cells. These results indicated that crp has a role in host defense during acute-phase response through the activation of the complement system, enhancement of phagocytosis, and suppression of bacterial growth.
the acute phase. Tepoxalin prescriptions were refilled on a weekly basis, and owners were asked to bring their prescription vials to each recheck examination. To verify compliance, pills were counted and owners were questioned with regard to their
. Profile of the bovine acute-phase response following an intravenous bolus-dose li-popolysaccharide challenge . Innate Immun 2009 ; 15 : 81 – 89 . 10.1177/1753425908099170 27. Katsuura G Gottschall PE Dahl RR , et al. Interleukin-1 beta
-induced changes in the protein expression of p-PKB, PKB, GSK3β, and mTOR in the nasal mucosa. AR occurs in 2 stages of an allergic response. During the early phase, mast cells play an essential role in regulating the immune system and allergic inflammation
Abstract
Objectives
To measure coagulation factor VIII:coagulant (F.VIII:C) and C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-INH), hemostasis-associated acute-phase reactant proteins, and coagulation factors VII (F.VII), IX (F.IX), and X (F.X), hemostasis proteins not associated with an acute-phase response, in a select population of horses with colic and hemostasis abnormalities, and presumed to have acute-phase changes. To compare these values and other routine hemostasis test results in the horses with colic with values for a population of healthy horses. To correlate the values of known equine acute-phase reactants, F.VIII:C and fibrinogen, to those of other tests of hemostasis. To identify hemostasis-associated acute-phase reactant proteins and gain insights into the effects the acute-phase response has on hemostatic abnormalities in horses with colic syndrome.
Sample Population
54 plasma samples from horses with colic attributable to inflammatory (n = 39) or strangulating (n = 15) intestinal disorders.
Procedure
Plasma samples were evaluated for activities of F.VII, F.VIII:C, F.IX, F.X, C1-INH, antithrombin III, protein C, plasminogen, and α2-antiplasmin (α2AP); fibrinogen concentration; and prothrombin (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin (APTT) times.
Results
Horses with colic had significantly higher fibrinogen concentration, greater α2AP and protein C activities, and longer PT and APTT than did healthy horses. Horses with colic also had significantly lower mean F.VII activity than did healthy horses. Significant positive correlations between fibrinogen concentration and F.VIII:C, C1-INH, and α2AP values, and between F.VIII:C activity and fibrinogen, C1-INH, α2AP, and plasminogen values were identified.
Conclusions
An acute-phase response contributes to changes observed in coagulation proteins in horses with colic attributable to inflammatory and strangulating intestinal disorders. The data suggest that plasminogen, α2AP, and C1-INH should be considered equine acute-phase proteins. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:542–545)
Immunopathol 2006 ; 113 : 200 – 214 . 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.05.005 30. Higgins MA Berridge BR Mills BJ , et al Gene expression analysis of the acute phase response using canine microarray . Toxicol Sci 2003 ; 74 : 470 – 484 . 10.1093/toxsci/kfg142
solid-phase extraction. The cartridges were conditioned with 1 mL each of methanol and deionized water. To deactivate protein-drug interactions, 100 μL of 0.5% orthophosphoric acid solution was added to the samples. Samples then were loaded on the
source of energy, for protein synthesis, in nitric oxide and glutathione production, and in modulation for signaling pathways. 18–20 For example, intragastric exposure to tryptophan and phenylalanine can increase gastric secretions in dogs and humans, 20
-articular therapeutic agents (corticosteroids, polysulfated glycosaminoglycans, and hyaluronic acid derivatives) remain important aids in the diagnosis of acute synovitis and treatment of affected horses and help in the prevention of additional degenerative articular