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EveryCat Health Foundation, formerly the Winn Feline Foundation, and the second phase would be funded by the Focused Ultrasound Foundation. Dr. Jody Lulich, director of the University of Minnesota Urolith Center and a member of the research team, said in
Calcium oxalate urolithiasis in dogs is a common medical condition that is increasing in prevalence. From 1981 to 1985, approximately 6.8% of uroliths analyzed at the Minnesota Urolith Center were composed of calcium oxalate, compared with 42% of
Abstract
Objective—To identify dietary factors in commercially available canned foods associated with the development of calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths in dogs.
Animals—117 dogs with CaOx uroliths and 174 dogs without urinary tract disease.
Procedure—Case dogs were those that developed CaOx uroliths submitted to the Minnesota Urolith Center for quantitative analysis between 1990 and 1992 while fed a commercially available canned diet. Control dogs were those without urinary tract disease evaluated at the same veterinary hospital just prior to or immediately after each case dog. A content-validated multiple-choice questionnaire was mailed to each owner of case and control dogs with the permission of the primary care veterinarian. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions for each dietary component were performed to test the hypothesis that a given factor was associated with CaOx urolith formation.
Results—Canned foods with the highest amount of protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, or moisture were associated with a decreased risk of CaOx urolith formation, compared with diets with the lowest amounts. In contrast, canned diets with the highest amount of carbohydrate were associated with an increased risk of CaOx urolith formation.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Feeding canned diets formulated to contain high amounts of protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and moisture and a low amount of carbohydrate may minimize the risk of CaOx urolith formation in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 2002;63:163–169)
Abstract
Objective—To identify factors in dry diets associated with the occurrence of calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths in dogs.
Animals—600 dogs with CaOx uroliths and 898 dogs without urinary tract diseases.
Procedure—Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed.
Results—Compared with diets with the highest concentrations of sodium, dry diets with the lowest concentrations of sodium, phosphorus, calcium, chloride, protein, magnesium, or potassium were linearly associated with increased risk of CaOx urolith formation. Significant nonlinear associations between increased occurrence of CaOx uroliths and urine acidifying potential and low moisture content were observed. Significant nonlinear associations between decreased occurrence of CaOx uroliths and carbohydrate and fiber contents were observed. A significant association between the occurrence of CaOx uroliths and dietary fat was not observed.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that dry diets formulated to contain high concentrations of protein, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride may minimize formation of CaOx uroliths. In addition, comparison of risk and protective factors of various diet ingredients fed to dogs with CaOx uroliths suggests that although similar findings were observed in canned and dry formulations, in general, greater risk is associated with dry formulations. However, before these hypotheses about dietary modifications are adopted by food manufacturers, they must be investigated by use of appropriately designed clinical studies of dogs with CaOx urolithiasis. (Am J Vet Res 2002;63:330–337)
Abstract
Objectives
To determine bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters for allopurinol and its active metabolite, oxypurinol.
Animals
6 healthy, reproductively intact female Beagles, 4.9 to 5.2 years old, and weighing 9.5 to 11.5 kg.
Procedure
In the first part of the study, allopurinol was administered IV at a dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight to 3 dogs and 5 mg/kg to 3 dogs; the sequence was then reversed. In the second part of the study, allopurinol was administered orally at a dosage of 15 mg/kg to 3 dogs and 7.5 mg/kg to 3 dogs; the sequence was then reversed. In the third part of the study, allopurinol was administered IV (10 mg/kg), orally (15 mg/kg) with food, and orally (15 mg/kg) without food. Plasma samples were obtained at timed intervals, and concentrations of allopurinol and oxypurinol were determined.
Results
Maximal plasma allopurinol concentration and area under plasma allopurinol and oxypurinol concentration-time curves were 2 times greater when dogs were given 10 mg of allopurinol/kg IV, compared with 5 mg/kg, and when dogs were given 15 mg of allopurinol/kg orally, compared with 7.5 mg/kg. Allopurinol elimination half-life, time to reach maximal plasma oxypurinol concentration, and oxypurinol elimination half-life were significantly greater when dogs received 10 mg of allopurinol/kg IV, compared with 5 mg/kg, and when dogs received 15 mg of allopurinol/kg orally, compared with 7.5 mg/kg.
Conclusions
Elimination of allopurinol is dependent on nonlinear enzyme kinetics. The bioavailability of allopurinol, and pharmacokinetic parameters of allopurinol and oxypurinol after oral administration of allopurinol, are not affected by administration with food.
Clinical Relevance
A dose threshold exists beyond which additional allopurinol would not substantially further inhibit xanthine oxidase activity. Oral administration of > 15 mg of allopurinol/kg to dogs would not be expected to result in greater reduction of plasma and urine uric acid concentrations. Also, allopurinol may be administered to dogs for dissolution or prevention of urate uroliths without regard to time of feeding. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:504–510)
), and healthy control dogs (13). Variables Calcium oxalate Struvite Control P value Dogs enrolled (n) 13 7 13 – Dogs with positive urine, urolith nidi, or bladder mucosal biopsy culture (n) 0 5 0
Abstract
Objective—To compare urine composition in Labrador Retrievers (LR) and Miniature Schnauzers (MS) fed the same dog food.
Animals—8 healthy LR (mean [± SD] age, 3.1 ± 1.7 years) and 8 healthy MS (mean age, 3.7 ± 1.3 years).
Procedure—A nutritionally complete dry dog food was fed to the dogs for 24 days. Urinary pH, volume, specific gravity, frequency of urination, and urinary concentrations of 12 analytes were measured for each dog; urinary relative supersaturation (RSS) with calcium oxalate and brushite (calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate) were calculated from these values.
Results—MS urinated significantly less often and had a lower urine volume (ml/kg of body weight per d) and a significantly higher urine pH, compared with LR. Urinary calcium concentration and brushite RSS were significantly higher in the urine of MS. As a result of a high calorie requirement, primarily as a result of high surface area to volume ratio, MS had significantly higher intake (per kg body weight) of dietary minerals, compared with LR.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Differences in urine composition exist between breeds fed the same diet, some of which, including lower urine volume, higher calcium concentration, and higher brushite RSS, may contribute to the high prevalence of calcium oxalate uroliths observed in MS. Differences between breeds should be considered when evaluating strategies for controlling calcium oxalate stone formation. (Am J Vet Res 2001;62:1782–1786)
faecalis and E faecium isolated from urine samples of dogs with recurrent UTIs. 3 , 4 The presence of uroliths and neoplasia and anatomic abnormalities of the LUT have been identified as risk factors for both recurrent UTI and enterococcal bacteriuria
confirmed not to have urolithiasis on the basis of results of ultrasonography and, in most cases, radiography. For inclusion in the urolithiasis group, the presence of a urolith was confirmed via ultrasonography or radiography. From January 2008 through
modalities allow detection of many pathological changes, such as renomegaly, renal atrophy, dystrophic calcifications, or uroliths. 1 Despite this, survey radiographs often provide insufficient information regarding renal and upper urinary tract disorders in