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sphincter mechanism incompetence that leads to urinary incontinence). 14–20 Luteinizing hormone–mediated reduction in urethral sphincter tone following gonadectomy may similarly contribute to an exacerbation in musculoskeletal laxity, thereby precipitating
collapse, transitional cell carcinoma, ureterolithiasis, and urinary incontinence (1 each). Urine sample analysis —Urine osmolality did not differ by > 5% for any of the duplicate measures, and the interpretation of the urine dipstick results did not
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To characterize cystometry in conscious and anesthetized sheep, including bladder response to sacral root electrical stimulation, thereby providing a baseline set of values.
METHODS
Single-fill cystometries were repeated in adult mule ewes both conscious (n = 5) and under general anesthesia (18) using a commercial system. Parameters including bladder capacity, detrusor (bladder) pressure, urethral opening pressure, bladder compliance, number of nonvoiding detrusor contractions, and bladder pressure change in response to electrical stimulation of the sacral roots under general anesthesia are reported. Pubmed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched for studies relating to ovine cystometry, and a systematic review was conducted.
RESULTS
In awake sheep, mean ± SD bladder capacity was 79.6 ± 32.2 mL, urethral opening pressure was 26.0 ± 10.7 cm H2O, and compliance was 3.5 ± 1.9 mL/cm H2O. Peak detrusor pressures during micturition reached 57.7 ± 28.3 cm H2O. In anesthetized animals, mean bladder capacity (endpoint, 50 cm H2O) was 333 ± 191 mL, and mean bladder compliance was 7.7 ± 4.9 mL/cm H2O. Values for these parameters from our systematic review are presented for comparison and reference. Electrical stimulation of the second and third sacral roots caused a greater increase in detrusor pressure than stimulation of the first and fourth sacral roots.
CONCLUSIONS
We present a comprehensive set of data for normal cystometry parameters in sheep, including the first report of detrusor response to sacral root stimulation in anesthetized sheep.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
This report provides a valuable set of baseline values for a potential translational model of value to neurourologic research and may be a useful reference for clinicians.
of strabismus, 4 and since then has been used to manage a multitude of conditions, from urinary incontinence 5 to migraines. 6 , 7 After intraarticular injections in humans with OA, there are reports of decreased pain scores and improved range of
. Effect of long-acting GnRH analogue or PPA on plasma LH/FSH, urethral pressure profiles and clinical signs of urinary incontinence due to sphincter mechanism incompetence in bitches . Theriogenology . 2006 ; 66 ( 5 ): 1227 – 1236 . doi: 10.1016/j
caudal lumbar region or hyperextension of the tail, proprioceptive deficits, hind limb lameness, and urinary incontinence; and evaluation of the patellar, cranial tibial, withdrawal, and perineal reflexes. All examinations were performed by a single
because of spinal tumors that caused urinary incontinence, and others were euthanatized for conditions unrelated to the urogenital system (1 was hit by a car, 1 had a mediastinal mass, and 1 had suspected immune-mediated hemolytic anemia
pyometra and mucometra: a review . Theriogenology . 2008 ; 70 ( 3 ): 359 – 363 . doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.04.028 18513791 8. Yoon H , Han SH , Kim J , Kim K , Eom K . Urogenital anomalies and urinary incontinence in an
Abstract
Objective
To determine whether reduced pressure transmission is of importance in the pathophysiologic mechanism of urinary incontinence in bitches.
Animals
20 sexually intact, continent bitches and 21 spayed, incontinent bitches.
Procedure
Urethral pressure profiles before (resting) and after (stressed) insufflation of gas in the abdominal cavity were recorded in bitches under general anesthesia. Differences (stressed minus resting) were calculated for all variables. On the basis of these values, the pressure transmission ratio was determined.
Results
Resting pressure profiles of incontinent bitches indicated significantly (P < 0.05) lower maximal closure pressure (4.5 ± 3.0 cm of H2O) than did those of continent bitches (11.2 ± 7.2 cm of H2O).The intra-abdominal pressure increase lead to a shortening of total profile length, which was equal in both groups and caused an increase in maximal urethral pressure. The change in maximal urethral pressure was significantly (P < 0.05) greater in incontinent bitches (12.4 ± 4.1 cm of H2O) than in continent bitches (8.8 ± 4.5 cm of H2O). The profile areas and the pressure transmission ratios did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) between the 2 groups.
Conclusion
The effect of decreased pressure transmission on the urethra is not a factor in the pathophysiologic mechanism of urinary incontinence attributable to urethral incompetence in bitches. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:555–559)
32 – S37 . 17. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence . Urinary incontinence in neurological disease: assessment and management ; 2012 . Available at: www.nice.org.uk . Accessed Feb 1, 2016. 18. Atalan G , Barr F , Holt