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. “It’s like running a mile on a treadmill versus running a mile on the beach. The distance is the same, but obviously one takes a lot more effort and maybe even more time. That means in order to see the same number of patients you did before COVID-19
relationship between the velocity and the stride frequency, with velocity being the product of stride length and stride frequency. 18 In another study 25 involving horses, which used an instrumented treadmill, the stride frequency and stride length changed in
Summary
Plasma concentrations of hypoxanthine, uric acid, and allantoin, which are breakdown products of adenine nucleotides, were measured in Standardbred and Finnhorse trotters during and after an exercise test on a high-speed treadmill, after an incremental exercise test performed on a racetrack, and after a racing competition. Fiber-type composition of the middle gluteal muscle and the muscle concentrations of adenine nucleotides and inosine monophosphate were measured after the racetrack test. Changes in the concentration of hypoxanthine were not observed in any of the tests. Peak concentration of uric acid was measured between 5 and 30 minutes after exercise, and it was three- to tenfold higher than the value at rest. The variability can be explained by intensity of the exercise test and variation among horses. The concentration of allantoin after exercise was 2 to 3 times as high as that at rest, depending on the intensity of the exercise, although the absolute increase was about 10 times as high as the increase in the concentration of uric acid. Peak values of allantoin for the treadmill and the racetrack tests were obtained 4 to 6 minutes after exercise and < 30 minutes after the races. Peak concentration of allantoin correlated positively with the percentage of type-II (IIA + IIB) fibers in the middle gluteal muscle. Significant correlations were not observed between plasma concentration of uric acid or allantoin and muscle concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (atp) or inosine monophosphate. It can be concluded that in horses, breakdown of atp during and after exercise continues until allantoin is produced. The peak concentration of allantoin increases with the intensity of exercise, is reached rapidly after exercise, and the variation in the time to the peak value is small among horses. It is suggested that the main source of allantoin is the fast-twitch, type-II fibers and that the mixed muscle concentrations of adenine nucleotides are of limited value when estimating the effects of exercise on atp content of the muscle tissue.
symmetry. 15 Simultaneous analysis of consecutive strides is required. The purpose of the study reported here was to compare the symmetry of kinetic data generated by healthy and lame dogs trotting on a treadmill. Our hypothesis was that asymmetry would
dogs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of Kinovea-based 2-D kinematic gait analysis of healthy dogs walking on a treadmill in comparison to a 3-D motion analysis system. We hypothesized that Kinovea would be able to provide
J , et al. Kinematic gait analysis of the trot in healthy Greyhounds . Am J Vet Res 1993 ; 54 : 627 – 634 . 4. Clements DN Owen MR Carmichael S , et al. Kinematic analysis of the gait of 10 Labrador Retrievers during treadmill
force ASIs recorded on a treadmill with embedded force plates were reported to have high diagnostic accuracy for detection of lameness in dogs, 9 and this sophisticated equipment allows a user to evaluate ground reaction forces of successive strides in
condition on the basis of results of a general physical examination. Dysfunction of the nasopharynx or larynx was not detected by videoendoscopic examinations performed at rest and during treadmill exercise. Horses were trained 5 d/wk on a treadmill for 2
rodents for motor coordination, strength, and dexterity. 35 Treadmill performance has been used to evaluate lameness in horses and the effectiveness of NSAIDs. 36 A treadmill would not be appropriate for a perching bird as they are not well adapted for
Abstract
Objectives
To evaluate effects of strenuous exercise in adult horses immediately before anesthesia and to determine whether prior exercise affects anesthesia induction, recovery, or both.
Animals
6 healthy Thoroughbreds in good condition and trained to run on a treadmill, each horse serving as its own control.
Procedure
Horses ran on a treadmill until fatigued, then were sedated immediately with detomidine hydrochloride and anesthetized with a zolazepam hydrochloride-tiletamine combination. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen for another 90 minutes. Blood samples were taken before, during, and after exercise and during anesthesia.
Results
During exercise, changes in heart rate, core body temperature, plasma lactate concentration, arterial pH, and PaCO2 were significant. Plasma ionized calcium concentration was lower after exercise, compared with baseline values, and remained lower at 30 minutes of isoflurane anesthesia. Compared with baseline values, plasma chloride concentration decreased significantly during anesthesia after exercise. Cardiac output during anesthesia was significantly lower than that during preexercise, but significant differences between experimental and control periods were not observed. Arterial blood pressure during anesthesia was significantly lower than that during preexercise and initially was maintained better during isoflurane anesthesia after exercise. Cardiac output and blood pressure values were clinically acceptable throughout anesthesia.
Conclusion
Administration of detomidine hydrochloride followed by zolazepam hydrochloride-tiletamine appeared to be safe and effective for sedation and anesthesia of horses that had just completed strenuous exercise.
Clinical Relevance
Anesthetic given in accordance with this protocol can be used to anesthetize horses that are injured during athletic competition to assess injuries, facilitate first aid, and possibly allow salvage of injured horses. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:743–748)