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There are many classifications of shock; however, hypovolemic shock due to hemorrhage is the most commonly diagnosed in human emergency rooms. 3 Prompt recognition of hemorrhagic shock is imperative to guide therapy and prevent mortality in the
Introduction Shock presents as a functional circulatory abnormality whereby inadequate organ perfusion and tissue oxygenation results in a disparity between oxygen consumption and oxygen delivery. 1 , 2 The prompt recognition of hypoperfusion
Traditionally, macrohemodynamic variables (eg, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, and oxygen delivery) have been used to determine the severity of hemorrhagic shock and aid in determining fluid therapy for resuscitation. However
Hemorrhagic shock can be an unfortunate sequela of severe trauma, surgery, and coagulopathy. Survival from hemorrhagic shock depends on restoration of tissue oxygenation and blood flow. Despite numerous experimental and clinical efforts, no clear
so far, no treatment has been completely successful. Therefore, development of a new, effective, and noninvasive treatment of distal limb wounds in horses would be extremely valuable. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy accelerates healing of chronic
, hair was clipped from the heel bulbs, excess sole over the frog was pared, and the foot was soaked in water for at least 8 hours. In horses with navicular syndrome, the ESWT protocol consisted of administration of 1,000 shocks with a focused shock
of shock wave therapy on joint tissue; however, a study 1 conducted in rabbits did not reveal any important safety concerns. Anecdotal 2,3 and case reports 2,3 exist, but to the authors' knowledge, no reports of controlled studies of ESWT in the
A common use for ESWT is lithotripsy in human medicine. 1–3 Interest in shock wave effects on bone was stimulated by the observation that shock waves interacting with the pelvis during lithotripsy cause an increase in pelvic bone density. a
shock where blood flow to the microcirculation is decreased, hypoxia perpetuates an inflammatory response and subsequent endothelial dysfunction. 3 – 4 Injury to and pathology of the microvasculature results in EGC shedding and degradation, resulting in
Objective
To determine the clinical, pathologic, and bacteriologic findings in dogs that developed severe invasive infections with group G streptococci (GGS) over a 6-month period in southern Ontario.
Design
Prospective case series.
Animals
7 dogs in southern Ontario with severe streptococcal infection during a 6-month period.
Procedure
Using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, molecular typing of streptococcal isolates was performed. Isolates were examined for the M protein gene emm1.0, pyrogenic exotoxin genes speA, speB, speF, hyaluronic acid synthase genes hasA, hasB, and for C5a peptidase gene scpA by use of DNA probes or polymerase chain reaction.
Results
3 dogs with streptococcal shock without necrotizing fasciitis died or were euthanatized within 48 hours of admission, whereas 4 dogs with streptococcal shock and necrotizing fasciitis survived following surgical debridement, supportive medical treatment, and treatment with antibiotics. Of the 6 Lancefield group G streptococcal isolates available for characterization, 5 were Streptococcus canis and 1 had characteristics of group G streptococcal strains of human origin. Results of molecular typing indicated that isolates were unrelated to each other. Examination of the canine isolates for putative virulence genes found in human group A streptococci resulted in identification of the the emm1.0 gene only in 1 of the isolates. The canine isolates otherwise lacked virulence genes associated with human group A streptococcal toxic shock infections.
Clinical Implications
The development of severe invasive infection in dogs resulting from GGS indicates that a virulent form of GGS has developed in southern Ontario. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1421–1426)
