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analgesia for endocrine comorbidities, anesthesia for oral and dental disease beyond opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, euthanasia sedation protocols, surgery techniques and recommendations, and other topics. Attendees have access to content

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manipulations, which included mouth explorations, without sedation and to accept and eat the dental or placebo treats. Dogs were excluded when they had evidence of any tooth mobility or missing teeth, severe (stage 3 or 4) periodontal disease, or any disease

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

analyzed nor the sedation procedures affected organ size or shape. However, all the study subjects were sedated with a combination of medetomidine and butorphanol. Medetomidine may cause a 3-fold increase of urine output in rats 8 ; therefore, some of the

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

In horses as well as in other mammalian species, the α 2 -adrenoceptor agonist drugs cause dose-dependent sedation, analgesia, and myorelaxation as a result of their interaction with α 2 -adrenoceptors, which are widely distributed throughout body

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

P igs of several breeds are established models for translational research and might frequently require sedation or general anesthesia. 1 – 3 In addition, the caseload of pet pigs requiring veterinary medical care, or those belonging to rescue

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

bladder during imaging. Both of these methods require sedation or general anesthesia as well as urinary catheterization and bladder distension, which are associated with risk of urinary tract rupture in dogs with TCC. 1 Cystoscopy is often used to inspect

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, tachycardia, and sedation, compromising their uses in a clinical setting. 21 Moreover, an expanding number of individuals are exploring alternative and complementary approaches, such as

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

specifically used to score sedation. It was also evident that when parrots were administered LEBT, they were more likely to stand on the arthritic limb while using the unaffected foot to manipulate the food reward, whereas when parrots were administered

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

analgesia in horses without causing sedation or excitation of the CNS. Some studies 8–10 have revealed that epidural administration of morphine alone or in combination with detomidine provides profound analgesia for horses with signs of pain in their hind

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate the analgesic and adverse effects of epidurally administered levogyral (S[+]) ketamine alone or in combination with morphine on intraoperative and postoperative pain in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

Animals—30 dogs scheduled for ovariohysterectomy.

Procedure—Dogs were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 groups. Dogs in group 1 received S(+) ketamine (1 mg/kg), dogs in group 2 received S(+) ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) and morphine (0.05 mg/kg), and dogs in group 3 received S(+) ketamine (1 mg/kg) and morphine (0.025 mg/kg). The skin was incised 15 minutes after epidural administration of analgesics. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry, and arterial blood gases were obtained before anesthesia, 15 minutes after epidural administration of analgesics, 15 and 30 minutes after initiation of surgery, and at the end of surgery. During the intraoperative period, an increase of ≥ 20% in baseline values for HR, RR, and SBP was considered a sign of intraoperative pain. Signs of pain and adverse effects were assessed at 2, 4, and 8 hours postoperatively.

Results—There were no significant differences in intraoperative or postoperative measurements among the 3 groups. No dogs had intraoperative signs of pain. Mean postoperative pain assessment scores were < 3.5 in all 3 groups. Salivation was the most frequent adverse effect in dogs in groups 1 and 3, and sedation occurred more frequently in dogs in groups 2 and 3.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—All 3 analgesic regimens provided good respiratory and cardiovascular stability intraoperatively and adequate postoperative analgesia with minimal adverse effects. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:54–61)

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research