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lymphangiography, 5,6 intraoperative injection of methylene blue, 7 preoperative administration of a high-fat meal, or a combination of these techniques to guide surgeons when performing TDL. Development of fibrosing pleuritis has been reported in cats secondary
DA Southwood LL Lopez MJ , et al. Cranial migration of different volumes of new-methylene blue after caudal epidural injection in the horse . Equine Pract 1998 ; 20 : 12 – 14 . 15 Robinson EP
Skarda RT Muir WW . Segmental epidural and subarachnoid analgesia in conscious horses: a comparative study . Am J Vet Res 1983 ; 44 : 1870 – 1876 . 36 Hendrickson DA Southwood LL Lopez MJ , Cranial migration of different volumes of new-methylene
GAG analysis and RNA isolation. GAG content in medium and cartilage —Total GAG content of medium and cartilage was assayed by routine 1,9-dimethyl-methylene blue dye binding microwell spectrophotometric assay. 29 Medium was digested (1:1 ratio [vol
Abstract
Objective—To assess the cellular, biochemical, and histologic effects of bipolar radiofrequency-generated heat on canine articular cartilage.
Sample Population—Articular cartilage explants (n = 72) from 6 canine cadavers and cultured articular chondrocytes from 5 canine cadavers.
Procedure—Cartilage explants were randomly assigned to receive no treatment or treatment with focal (3 seconds) or diffuse bipolar radiofrequency. Following treatment, methylene blue permeability assay was performed (n = 12) and remaining samples (60) were cultured. Immediately and 5, 10, and 20 days after treatment, cultured explants were assessed for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen contents, type II collagen and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 immunoreactivity, and modified Mankin histologic scores. Liquid culture media were collected every 4 days and GAG content measured. Additionally, cultured chondrocytes were exposed for 3 seconds to media preheated to 37°, 45°, or 55°C. Cell viability was determined via 2 different assays immediately and 24 hours after treatment.
Results—Radiofrequency-treated cartilage had reduced permeability and considerable histologic damage, compared with control samples; most treated samples had reduced collagen II staining and increased MMP-13 immunostaining. Compared with other treatments, less GAGs were released from cartilage after diffuse radiofrequency treatment throughout the study period. Cell viability was significantly different between controls and cells treated at 55°C immediately and 24 hours after heat treatment.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In this study, bipolar radiofrequency treatment had detrimental effects on normal articular cartilage cells and extracellular matrix with probable long-term clinical consequences. The usefulness of radiofrequency for treatment of osteoarthritic articular cartilage requires further investigation. ( Am J Vet Res 2004;65:604–609)
(toluidine blue assay) and the remaining explants were snapfrozen in liquid nitrogen for GAG and mRNA analyses. GAG content of cartilage and medium samples —Total GAG content of cartilage and media samples was assessed by use of a 1,9-dimethyl-methylene
injected volumes of a lidocaine-methylene blue solution in dog cadavers. Materials and Methods Animals The study was conducted in 2 phases. In the first phase, 3 fresh intact canine cadavers were used to perform an anatomic examination of the
of growth on tryptose agar, oxidase activity by use of Kovàcs oxidase reagent, hemolytic activity on 5% equine blood agar and 5% ovine blood agar plates, and growth on eosin-methylene blue agar. Biochemical analyses and determination of enzyme
assays were performed on synovial fluid collected weekly (samples that had been stored frozen at −80°C). A modified 1,9-dimethyl-methylene blue dye-binding assay was used to determine GAG concentration. 21 Concentration of PGE 2 was assessed in 2 major
administration on epinephrine arrhythmogenicity in dogs anesthetized with halothane . Anesthesiology 1993 ; 78 : 155 – 162 . 10.1097/00000542-199301000-00021 52 Lansdowne JL Kerr CL Boure LP , et al . Epidural migration of new methylene blue in 0