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fixation of the lumbar spine in a canine model. Vet Surg 2002 ; 31 : 181 – 188 . 10.1053/jvet.2002.31045 24. Shales CJ Langley-Hobbs SJ . Canine sacroiliac luxation: anatomic study of dorsoventral articular surface angulation and safe

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-energy x-ray absorptiometry: a precise method of measuring bone mineral density in the lumbar spine . J Nucl Med 1990 ; 31 : 1156 – 1162 . 52. Zotti A Selleri P Carnier P , et al. Relationship between metabolic bone disease and bone mineral

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

(Phila Pa 1976) 2001 ; 26 : 1873 – 1878 . 10.1097/00007632-200109010-00011 18. Kasai Y , Inaba T , Kato T , et al. Biomechanical study of the lumbar spine using a unilateral pedicle screw fixation system . J Clin Neurosci 2010 ; 17 : 364

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

; 49 : 1979 – 1982 . 16. Walker TM Pierce WA Welch RD . External fixation of the lumbar spine in a canine model. Vet Surg 2002 ; 31 : 181 – 188 . 10.1053/jvet.2002.31045 17. Cudia SP Duval JM . Thoracolumbar intervertebral

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brachial plexus, femoral nerve, and sciatic nerve blocks in dogs . Vet Anaesth Analg 2010 ; 37 : 144 – 153 . 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00518.x 13. Vandeweerd JM , Desbrosse F , Clegg P , et al. Innervation and nerve injections of the lumbar

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five dogs . Vet Surg 2007 ; 36 : 442 – 448 . 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2007.00290.x 17. Walker TM Pierce WA Welch RD . External fixation of the lumbar spine in a canine model . Vet Surg 2002 ; 31 : 181 – 188 . 10.1053/jvet.2002.31045 18

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

extruded material within the spinal canal. The rabbit lumbar spine was chosen as a preclinical model and proof of concept in this study for NP volume measurement in the in vivo clinical setting for canine patients. The objective of this study was to

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

Keuler NS , et al . Computed tomographic imaging protocol for the canine cervical and lumbar spine . Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2009 ; 50 : 74 – 79 . 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2008.01493.x 22. Crossley DA . Rodent and rabbit radiology . In: Deforge D

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

: 488 – 496 . 10.1148/radiol.2392050574 15. Brismar TB . MR relaxometry of lumbar spine, hip, and calcaneus in healthy premenopausal women: relationship with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and quantitative ultrasound . Eur Radiol 2000 ; 10

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Abstract

Objective

To describe the incidence and types of gross osseous developmental variations and ages of physeal closure in the caudal portion of the thoracic and lumbosacral spine and the pelvis in a sample of Thoroughbred racehorses.

Animals

Thoroughbred racehorses (n = 36) that died or were euthanatized at California racetracks between October 1993 and July 1994.

Procedure

Lumbosacropelvic specimens were collected, and all soft tissues were removed. The osseous specimens were visually examined.

Results

Only 22 (61 %) specimens had the expected number of 6 lumbar and 5 sacral vertebrae. Eight (22%) specimens had thoracolumbar transitional vertebrae, and 13 (36%) had sacrocaudal transitional vertebrae. Articular process asymmetries were present at 1 or more vertebral segments in 30 (83%) specimens. Intertransverse joints (2 to 4 pairs/specimen) were bilaterally distributed in the caudal portion of the lumbar spine and the lumbosacral joint in 31 (86%) specimens. Five (14%) specimens had asymmetric distribution of the intertransverse joints. Intertransverse joint ankylosis was found in 10 (28%) specimens. Lumbosacral vertebral body physeal closure occurred between 4.9 and 6.7 years of age; pelvic physeal closure occurred between 5.2 and 5.8 years of age. Iliac crest and ischial arch epiphyseal formation was evaluated, using a grading system, and fusion to the underlying bone occurred at 7.2 years and 5.4 years of age, respectively.

Conclusions

Numerous vertebral anatomic variations were commonly found in a sample of Thoroughbred racehorses.

Clinical Relevance

Normal anatomic variations and ages of skeletal maturity need to be considered in clinical evaluation of the equine spine and pelvis for differentiation from pathologic findings. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1083–1091)

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research