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, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles in dogs. 2 , 3 The fibrotic transformation has historically been considered a consequence of muscle strain injury. 4 Fibrotic myopathy is a rare condition in dogs that affects the gracilis and semitendinosus muscles
Abstract
Objective—To determine whether adenosine pretreatment attenuates free radical production and muscle damage in ischemic and reperfused canine skeletal muscle.
Animals—9 healthy mixed-breed dogs.
Procedure—Dogs were anesthetized, and both gracilis muscles were isolated, leaving only the major vascular pedicle intact. Saline (0.9% NaCl) solution was injected into the artery supplying the control flap, whereas adenosine (10 mg) was injected into the contralateral artery. Ischemia was induced in both flaps for 4 hours. α-Phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone was administered IV to each dog 1 hour prior to reperfusion. Following 15 minutes of reperfusion, effluent blood samples from each muscle flap were obtained and processed for spin-trapping electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Muscle biopsy specimens were obtained for histologic evaluation, and dogs were euthanatized.
Results—EPR spectra of strong intensity were obtained from analysis of 5 of 9 paired samples. Signals identified were characteristic of oxygen- and carbon-centered free radical adducts. Signal intensity of spectra from adenosine-treated flaps was significantly less than that of control flaps; mean signal attenuation was 36% in the adenosine-treated group. Histologic evaluation of muscle flaps did not reveal significant differences between groups.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Treatment of canine muscle flaps with adenosine prior to a period of ischemia reduced but did not completely attenuate free radical production after reperfusion. However, adenosine pretreatment did not affect histologic abnormalities. (Am J Vet Res 2002;63:175–180)
Abstract
Objective—To determine whether free radicals are produced in ischemic and reperfused canine skeletal muscle, whether free radicals can be detected from effluent blood by use of spin-trapping electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and whether free radical-induced skeletal muscle damage is detectable by use of light microscopy.
Animals—6 healthy mixed-breed dogs.
Procedures—Dogs were anesthetized and both gracilis muscles were isolated, leaving only the major vascular pedicle intact. Ischemia was induced in 1 flap for 4 hours; the contralateral flap served as the control. Ischemic flaps were then reperfused for 15 minutes. α-Phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone, a spin-trapping agent, was administered intravenously to each dog 1 hour prior to reperfusion. Following reperfusion, effluent blood samples from muscle flaps were obtained and processed for EPR spectroscopy. Muscle biopsy specimens were obtained for histologic evaluation, and dogs were euthanatized.
Results—Spin adducts were not detected in blood from control flaps. However, spin adducts were detected in all ischemic-reperfused muscle flaps. Principal signals identified were characteristic of oxygen- and carbon-centered radicals. Significantly more muscle damage was detected in ischemic-reperfused flaps, compared with control flaps.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Free radicals may be an important component of injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion of canine skeletal muscle. Spin-trap adducts of free radicals can be detected in effluent blood of canine muscle flaps by use of spin-trapping EPR spectroscopy. Spin-trapping EPR spectroscopy may be useful for the study of antioxidants and free radical scavengers in attenuating ischemia and reperfusionmediated skeletal muscle damage. (Am J Vet Res 2001;62:384–388)
neuroaxonal degeneration has been described in some similarly affected nuclei (gracilis and cuneate) in aged horses without detectable neurologic deficits. 43 The purpose of the study reported here was to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and
preservation of superficial digital flexor tendon. Ultrasonographic examination a of the calcaneal tendon revealed bilateral disruption of the gastrocnemius muscle and combined tendons of the biceps femoris, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles; however, the
proprioceptive ataxia or paresis, but rarely signs of pain. 2 Compression of the dorsal aspect of the spinal cord at this location would affect the sensory components of proprioception with the fasciculi cuneatus and gracilis comprising the lemniscal pathways
= Lateral aspect. Med = Medial aspect. a = Adductor muscle. b = Biceps femoris muscle. f = Femur. g = Gracilis muscle. q = Quadriceps femoris muscles. Bar in panel B = 1 cm. Computed tomography of the right pelvic limb revealed no evidence of bone
gracilis muscle to prevent the passive extension of the fibroelastic penis that normally occurs through relaxation of the retractor penis muscles when the bull mounts a receptive cow. The purpose of the study reported here was to retrospectively
described by Bray 1 was used. An initial ventral paramedian approach ( Figure 1 ), with a curvilinear incision from the inguinal fold to the ischium, was used. The sartorius, adductor, gracilis, and pectineus muscles and the medial aspect of the tensor
