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. Kleiber M . Part III: Food as fuel . In: The fire of life . 2nd ed. New York : John Wiley & Sons , 1975 ; 257 – 258 . 13. Lauten SD Cox NR Brawner WR Jr , et al. Use of dual energy x-ray absorptiometry for noninvasive body composition
Abstract
Objective
To evaluate changes in the pharmacokinetic disposition of diazepam in foals from 4 to 84 days of age.
Sample Population
4 male and 2 female full-term mixed-breed foals.
Procedure
Diazepam terminal half-life, volume of distribution, clearance, free fraction, unbound volume of distribution, free clearance, peak desmethyldiazepam concentration, and area under the desmethyldiazepam concentration-time curve were determined after IV administration of 0.25 mg of diazepam/kg of body weight to foals at 4, 21, 42, and 84 days of age.
Results
Disposition of diazepam was best described using a two-compartment model. Clearance and free fraction values (mean ± SEM) determined at 4 days (5.06 ± 0.79 and 51 ± 8 ml/kg/min, respectively) were significantly less than those obtained at 21 (8.64 ± 0.95 and 87 ± 11 ml/kg/min), 42 (7.31 ± 0.82 and 83 ± 10 ml/kg/min), and 84 (8.41 ± 0.56 and 100 ± 12 ml/kg/min) days. Volume of distribution and unbound volume of distribution values determined at 4 days (1.57 ± 0.11 and 16.0 ± 1.7 L/kg, respectively) were significantly less than those found at 21 (2.66 ± 0.33 and 26.8 ± 3.9 L/kg), 42 (3.00 ± 0.42 and 33.9 ± 5.0 L/kg), and 84 (2.55 ± 0.35 and 30.2 ± 5.3 L/kg) days. Peak plasma desmethyldiazepam concentration obtained at 4 days (22.7 ± 2.4 ng/ml) was significantly lower than that obtained at 21 (36.1 ± 4.5 ng/ml), 42 (38.3 ± 4.8 ng/ml), and 84 (34.6 ± 2.1 ng/ml) days.
Conclusions
Factors likely to affect the pharmacokinetic disposition of diazepam in foals, such as body composition and hepatic enzyme activity, are in transition during the first 21 days of life. These have opposing effects on diazepam clearance and volume of distribution so that terminal half-life remains unchanged. However, clearance determines whether diazepam will accumulate with repeated doses, and care should be taken when administering repeated doses to foals < 21 days old. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:878–880)
1996 ; 31 : 50 – 62 . 54. Secor SM Nagy TR . Non-invasive measure of body composition of snakes using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry . Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2003 ; 136 : 379 – 389 . 55. Greer LL Daniel GB
. More importantly, proximate analysis is not clinically applicable. Two studies 13,14 have used DEXA to assess changes in body composition during aging in dogs. One study 13 following the body weight and composition of 48 healthy Labrador Retrievers
measurements to estimate body composition in studies of obesity. Muscle condition score was significantly, but weakly, associated with BCS and both the T4 and T8 ratios in the present study. However, there were no interactions between MCS and the T4 and T8
Vet Res 1984 ; 45 : 1447 – 1450 . 20 De Lorenzo A Maiolo C Mohamed EI , et al . Body composition analysis and changes in airways function in obese adults after hypocaloric diet . Chest 2001 ; 119 : 1409 – 1415 . 10.1378/chest.119
Sci . 2016 ; 95 ( 10 ): 2225 – 2234 . doi: 10.3382/ps/pew199 8. Donkó T , Tischler A , Csóka Á , et al . Estimation of bone mineral density and breaking strength of laying hens based on scans of computed tomography for body composition
Summary
Zoometric measurements and bioelectrical impedance analysis were evaluated as methods of body composition determination in healthy cats. Zoometric and impedance measurements were taken on 22 anesthetized adult cats of various ages, genders, breeds, and body weights. The cats were then euthanatized. The bodies were processed through a tissue homogenizer and free-catch specimens were taken, freeze-dried, and analyzed for total body water, protein, fat, potassium, and ash content. Stepwise regression analysis was implemented to identify statistically significant relationships between the chemically determined dependent variables (total body water, protein, potassium, fat-free mass, fat mass, and percent body fat) and the zoometric measurements, with or without bioelectrical impedance analysis. Statistical analysis revealed high correlations between the dependent variables and the corresponding predicted values of those variables. Body weight alone was a poor predictor of body composition in these cats. On the basis of these findings, we suggest that zoometric and bioelectrical impedance measurements may serve as practical, noninvasive, simple, and accurate methods for estimating body composition in domestic cats.
that vary in size and body composition. Appropriate adjustments of cardiac data in relation to body size and fat-free mass could potentially highlight differences in cardiac remodeling on the basis of sex in chimpanzees, as has previously been shown in
. Intern J Appl Res Vet Med . 2007 ; 5 ( 3 ): 133 – 149 . 16. Cupp C , Kerr W. Effect of diet and body composition on life span in aging cats . In: Purina Companion Animal Nutrition Summit: Focus on Gerontology . Purina Institute , 2010 : 40