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T he current AVMA euthanasia guidelines acknowledge the unique challenges inherent to reptile euthanasia. 1 Ideally, intravascular administration of sodium pentobarbital, the primary active ingredient in euthanasia solution, is preferred. 1 , 2
Introduction Pentobarbital is a preferred euthanasia option for animals; however, it presents animal disposal challenges. The Chemical Abstracts Service number for pentobarbital is 57-33-0. The PubChem ID is 23676152, and the molecular formula
from those mortality rates, we estimate that 6.2 to 6.8 million pet dogs died in the US in 2020. In a study 4 in the UK, it was found that of dogs that died, 86% were euthanized. An initial report from the Dog Aging Project (DAP) 5 found a euthanasia
Introduction Euthanasia is a common but sometimes problematic procedure in cats. Obtaining venous access in very old or debilitated individuals can be technically difficult and stressful for the patient, client, and professional staff involved
rates among employees who have specifically been charged with euthanasia responsibilities are poorly understood. Employee turnover is commonly cited as one of the most important human resource issues for an or ganization; the heavy costs of high
Euthanasia technicians often experience guilt, 2 grief, and frustration 3 as a result of their job. They are also at risk of experiencing a unique type of stress that is not typical to other workplaces. 4,5 At the same time, workers with euthanasia
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To provide a video tutorial describing intraperitoneal (IP) and intracoelomic (IC) therapeutics (IP/IC fluid therapy, euthanasia, direct peritoneal resuscitation).
ANIMALS
Dogs, cats, and exotic pets.
METHODS
Peritoneal and coelomic centesis allows for delivery of fluids or to perform euthanasia. The peritoneal and coelomic membranes contain a vast network of capillaries and lymphatics that allow absorption of fluids and blood products. Needles are inserted aseptically IP or IC at species-specific locations to avoid iatrogenic damage. In mammals, the needle is inserted in a periumbilical location at a 1- to 2-cm radius from the umbilicus, while the needle is inserted into the ventral inguinal fossa in chelonians and lateroventrally in lizards and snakes. Direct peritoneal resuscitation is a human technique in which a dextrose/electrolyte solution infused IP reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury, edema, and tissue necrosis to improve mortality in patients with diseases like shock and sepsis or who require acute abdominal surgery.
RESULTS
Isotonic crystalloids are given IP/IC at 10- to 20-mL/kg doses (smaller volumes in reptiles) and blood products at standard calculated doses. Sodium pentobarbital without phenytoin (3 mL/4.5 kg) is used for IP/IC euthanasia.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Being aware of multiple routes for fluid and blood product administration allows treatment in animals for which intravenous or intraosseous catheterization is undesirable or impossible. While intravenous or intraosseous routes are always preferred, especially for resuscitation, familiarity with locations for IP/IC fluid and euthanasia is useful. Techniques like direct peritoneal resuscitation are not currently used in animals but might be translated to veterinary cases in the future.
, venipuncture, IV catheterization, and euthanasia. Current descriptions of these techniques are often limited to technical notes, unpublished descriptions, and anecdotal accounts between practitioners and their staff. The few peer-reviewed sources available are
rise in reptile ownership underscores the importance of implementing humane and acceptable euthanasia methods for companion reptiles that do not jeopardize the human-animal bond. Further, reptiles are kept in zoological institutions, in laboratory
decision-making than did patients. 22 In veterinary medicine, identifying client and family perspectives is important to meeting their needs in a sensitive situation. In a study 15 of veterinarian-client communication during euthanasia decisions