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- Author or Editor: Tex S. Taylor x
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Abstract
Objective—To compare serum disposition of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim after IV administration to donkeys, mules, and horses.
Animals—5 donkeys, 5 mules, and 3 horses.
Procedure—Blood samples were collected before (time 0) and 5, 15, 30, and 45 minutes and 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 8, 10, and 24 hours after IV administration of sulfamethoxazole (12.5 mg/kg) and trimethoprim (2.5 mg/kg). Serum was analyzed in triplicate with high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim concentrations. Serum concentration-time curve for each animal was analyzed separately to estimate noncompartmental pharmacokinetic variables.
Results—Clearance of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in donkeys was significantly faster than in mules or horses. In donkeys, mean residence time (MRT) of sulfamethoxazole (2.5 hours) was less than half the MRT in mules (6.2 hours); MRT of trimethoprim in donkeys (0.8 hours) was half that in horses (1.5 hours). Volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) for sulfamethoxazole did not differ, but Vdss of trimethoprim was significantly greater in horses than mules or donkeys. Area under the curve for sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim was higher in mules than in horses or donkeys.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Dosing intervals for IV administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in horses may not be appropriate for use in donkeys or mules. Donkeys eliminate the drugs rapidly, compared with horses. Ratios of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole optimum for antibacterial activity are maintained for only a short duration in horses, donkeys, and mules. (Am J Vet Res 2002;63:349–353)
Abstract
Objective—To describe the pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone after IV administration in miniature donkeys.
Animals—6 clinically normal miniature donkeys.
Procedure—Blood samples were collected before and 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, and 480 minutes after IV administration of phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg of body weight). Serum was analyzed in triplicate by use of high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone concentrations. The serum concentration-time curve for each donkey was analyzed separately to estimate model-independent pharmacokinetic variables.
Results—Serum concentrations decreased rapidly after IV administration of phenylbutazone, and they reached undetectable concentrations within 4 hours. Values for mean residence time ranged from 0.5 to 3.0 hours (median, 1.1 hour), whereas total body clearance ranged from 4.2 to 7.5 ml/kg/ min (mean, 5.8 ml/kg/ min). Oxyphenbutazone appeared rapidly in the serum; time to peak concentration ranged from 13 to 41 minutes (mean, 26.4 minutes), and peak concentration in serum ranged from 2.8 to 4.0 mg/ml (mean, 3.5 μg/ml).
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Clearance of phenylbutazone in miniature donkeys after injection of a single dose (4.4 mg/kg, IV) is rapid. Compared with horses, miniature donkeys may require more frequent administration of phenylbutazone to achieve therapeutic efficacy. (Am J Vet Res 2001;62:673–675)
Abstract
Objective—To compare plasma disposition of the R(–) and S(+) enantiomers of carprofen after IV administration of a bolus dose to donkeys and horses.
Animals—5 clinically normal donkeys and 3 clinically normal horses.
Procedure—Blood samples were collected from all animals at time 0 (before) and at 10, 15, 20, 30, and 45 minutes and 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 24, 28, 32, and 48 hours after IV administration of a bolus of carprofen (0.7 mg/kg). Plasma was analyzed in triplicate via high-performance liquid chromatography to determine the concentrations of the carprofen enantiomers. A plasma concentration-time curve for each donkey and horse was analyzed separately to estimate noncompartmental pharmacokinetic variables.
Results—In donkeys and horses, the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) was greater for the R(–) carprofen enantiomer than it was for the S(+) carprofen enantiomer. For the R(–) carprofen enantiomer, the AUC and mean residence time (MRT) were significantly less and total body clearance (ClT) was significantly greater in horses, compared with donkeys. For the S(+) carprofen enantiomer, AUC and MRT were significantly less and ClT and apparent volume of distribution at steady state were significantly greater in horses, compared with donkeys.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results have suggested that the dosing intervals for carprofen that are used in horses may not be appropriate for use in donkeys. (Am J Vet Res 2004;65:1479–1482)
Abstract
Objective—To determine the disposition of a bolus of meloxicam (administered IV) in horses and donkeys (Equus asinus) and compare the relative pharmacokinetic variables between the species.
Animals—5 clinically normal horses and 5 clinically normal donkeys.
Procedures—Blood samples were collected before and after IV administration of a bolus of meloxicam (0.6 mg/kg). Serum meloxicam concentrations were determined in triplicate via high-performance liquid chromatography. The serum concentration-time curve for each horse and donkey was analyzed separately to estimate standard noncompartmental pharmacokinetic variables.
Results—In horses and donkeys, mean ± SD area under the curve was 18.8 ± 7.31 μg/mL/h and 4.6 ± 2.55 μg/mL/h, respectively; mean residence time (MRT) was 9.6 ± 9.24 hours and 0.6 ± 0.36 hours, respectively. Total body clearance (CLT) was 34.7 ± 9.21 mL/kg/h in horses and 187.9 ± 147.26 mL/kg/h in donkeys. Volume of distribution at steady state (VDSS) was 270 ± 160.5 mL/kg in horses and 93.2 ± 33.74 mL/kg in donkeys. All values, except VDSS, were significantly different between donkeys and horses.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The small VDSS of meloxicam in horses and donkeys (attributed to high protein binding) was similar to values determined for other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Compared with other species, horses had a much shorter MRT and greater CLT for meloxicam, indicating a rapid elimination of the drug from plasma; the even shorter MRT and greater CLT of meloxicam in donkeys, compared with horses, may make the use of the drug in this species impractical.
