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- Author or Editor: Sheilah Robertson x
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Abstract
Objective—To determine whether butorphanol induces thermal antinociception in green iguanas (Iguana iguana) and assess the human observer effect on quantitative evaluation of butorphanol-induced analgesia.
Animals—6 juvenile green iguanas.
Procedures—Skin temperature was recorded, and then a direct increasing heat stimulus was applied to the lateral aspect of the tail base of each iguana. Temperature of the stimulus at which the iguana responded (thermal threshold) was measured before and for 8 hours after IM injection of either butorphanol tartrate (1.0 mg/kg) or an equal volume of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Six experiments (butorphanol [n = 3] and saline solution [3]) were conducted with the observer in the iguanas' field of vision, and 11 experiments (butorphanol [n = 5] and saline solution [6]) were conducted with the observer hidden from their view. The interval between treatments or tests was ≥ 1 month.
Results—Temperature difference between thermal threshold and skin temperature when iguanas were administered saline solution did not differ from temperature difference when iguanas were administered butorphanol regardless of whether the observer was or was not visible. Temperature difference between thermal threshold and skin temperature was significantly lower when iguanas were tested without the observer in visual range, compared with the findings obtained when iguanas were tested with an observer in view, at multiple times after either treatment.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Intramuscular administration of 1.0 mg of butorphanol/kg did not induce thermal antinociception in juvenile green iguanas. The visible presence of an observer appeared to influence the results of noxious stimulus testing in this reptile species.
Abstract
Objective—To characterize the antinociceptive actions of several doses of butorphanol by use of a thermal threshold testing device specifically designed for cats.
Animals—6 domestic shorthair cats.
Procedure—The study was a masked, randomized, crossover design. Thermal thresholds were measured by use of a thermal threshold-testing device specifically developed for cats. A small probe containing a heater element and temperature sensor was held with consistent contact against a shaved area of the cat's skin with an elasticized band. Skin temperature was recorded before each test, prior to activation of the heater. On detection of a response (eg, the cat flinched, turned, or jumped), the stimulus was terminated and the threshold temperature recorded. Three baseline measurements were recorded before IV injection of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 mg of butorphanol/kg. Each cat received all doses in a randomized order at least 1 week apart. The investigator was unaware of the treatment received. Thermal thresholds were measured every 15 minutes for 6 hours.
Results—Mean ± SD pretreatment threshold temperature for all cats was 40.8 ± 2.2°C. There were no dose-related differences among treatments. There was a significant increase in threshold values for all treatments from 15 to 90 minutes after injection. Mydriasis was detected in all cats after treatment with butorphanol and dysphoric behavior was frequently exhibited.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results obtained by use of a thermal stimulus indicated that the duration of antinociceptive action of butorphanol was 90 minutes and there was no dose-response relationship in cats. (Am J Vet Res 2004;65:1085–1089)
Abstract
Objective—To assess the influence of preanesthetic administration of acetylpromazine or morphine and fluids on urine production, arginine vasopressin (AVP; previously known as antidiuretic hormone) concentrations, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), plasma osmolality (Osm), PCV, and concentration of total solids (TS) during anesthesia and surgery in dogs.
Animals—19 adult dogs.
Procedure—Concentration of AVP, indirect MAP, Osm, PCV, and concentration of TS were measured at 5 time points (before administration of acetylpromazine or morphine, after administration of those drugs, after induction of anesthesia, 1 hour after the start of surgery, and 2 hours after the start of surgery). Urine output and end-tidal halothane concentrations were measured 1 and 2 hours after the start of surgery. All dogs were administered lactated Ringer's solution (20 ml/kg of body weight/h, IV) during surgery.
Results—Compared with values for acetylpromazine, preoperative administration of morphine resulted in significantly lower urine output during the surgical period. Groups did not differ significantly for AVP concentration, Osm, MAP, and end-tidal halothane concentration; however, PCV and concentration of TS decreased over time in both groups and were lower in dogs given acetylpromazine.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Preanesthetic administration of morphine resulted in significantly lower urine output, compared with values after administration of acetylpromazine, which cannot be explained by differences in AVP concentration or MAP. When urine output is used as a guide for determining rate for IV administration of fluids in the perioperative period, the type of preanesthetic agent used must be considered.(Am J Vet Res 2001;62:1922–1927)
Abstract
Objective—To compare the time to desaturation in healthy dogs that breathed oxygen or room air for 3 minutes before induction of anesthesia.
Animals—20 healthy dogs.
Procedures—Dogs were sedated with morphine and acepromazine maleate. Dogs received a 3-minute treatment of room air or oxygen (100 mL/kg/min) via face mask. Arterial blood samples were collected before and after treatment to determine PaCO 2, PaO 2, pH, and SaO 2; propofol (6 mg/kg, IV) was injected during a 7-second period, and the dogs were intubated. A lingual pulse oximeter probe was placed. Dogs remained disconnected from the breathing circuit until SpO 2 equaled 90% (desaturation point) and then connected and ventilated until the SpO 2 was ≥ 97%. Arterial blood samples were collected and SpO 2 was recorded every 30 seconds for 4 minutes and then every minute until the desaturation point. Times to first breath and the desaturation point were recorded. Data were collected at 0, 5, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 seconds.
Results—Mean ± SEM time to desaturation differed significantly between dogs treated with room air (69.6 ± 10.6 seconds) and oxygen (297.8 ± 42.0 seconds). Lowest mean PaO 2 and SaO 2 when dogs were breathing room air were 62 ± 6.3 mm Hg and 82.3 ± 4%, respectively, at 30 seconds.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Preoxygenation for 3 minutes increased the time to desaturation in healthy dogs sedated with acepromazine and morphine in which anesthesia was induced with propofol.
Abstract
Objective—To evaluate effects of butorphanol, acepromazine, and N-butylscopolammonium bromide (NBB) on visceral and somatic nociception and duodenal motility in conscious, healthy horses.
Animals—6 adult horses.
Procedures—Visceral nociception was evaluated by use of colorectal distention (CRD) and duodenal distention (DD) threshold. Somatic nociception was evaluated via thermal threshold (TT). Nose-to-ground height, heart rate, and respiratory rate were also measured. Each horse received each treatment in randomized order; investigators were not aware of treatments. Butorphanol was administered IV as a bolus (18 μg/kg) followed by constant rate infusion at 13 μg/kg/h for 2 hours, whereas acepromazine (0.04 mg/kg), NBB (0.3 mg/kg), and saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (2 mL) were administered IV as a bolus followed by constant rate infusion with saline solution (10 mL/h) for 2 hours. Variables were measured before and for 3 hours after treatment. Data were analyzed by use of a 3-factor ANOVA followed by a Bonferroni t test for multiple comparisons.
Results—Nose-to-ground height decreased after acepromazine. Respiratory rate decreased after acepromazine and increased after butorphanol. Heart rate increased briefly after NBB. Some horses had an increase in TT after butorphanol and acepromazine, but there was not a significant treatment effect over time. Drug effect on DD or motility was not evident. The CRD threshold increased significantly at 5, 65, 155, and 185 minutes after acepromazine and from 5 to 65 minutes after NBB.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Each drug caused predictable changes in sedation and vital signs, but consistent anti-nociceptive effects were not evident.
Abstract
Objective—To determine the effects of IV administration of lidocaine on thermal antinociception in conscious cats. Animals—6 cats.
Procedure—2 experiments were performed in each cat (interval of at least 2 months). In experiment 1, lidocaine pharmacokinetics were determined for each conscious cat following IV administration of a bolus of lidocaine (2 mg/kg). In experiment 2, data from experiment 1 were used to calculate appropriate doses of lidocaine that would achieve predetermined plasma lidocaine concentrations in the cats; lidocaine (or an equivalent volume of saline [0.9% NaCl] solution as the control treatment) was administered IV to target pseudo–steady-state plasma concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 8 μg/mL. Skin temperature and thermal threshold were determined at the start of the experiment (baseline) and at each concentration. Samples of venous blood were obtained at each target concentration for plasma lidocaine concentration determination.
Results—In experiment 2, actual plasma lidocaine concentrations were 0.00 ± 0.00 μg/mL, 0.25 ± 0.18 μg/mL, 0.57 ± 0.20 μg/mL, 1.39 ± 0.13 μg/mL, 2.33 ± 0.45 μg/mL, and 4.32 ± 0.66 μg/mL for target plasma concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 8 μg/mL, respectively. Compared with baseline values, no significant change in skin temperature or thermal threshold was detected at any lidocaine plasma concentration (or saline solution equivalent). Skin temperature or thermal threshold values did not differ between lidocaine or control treatments.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that these moderate plasma concentrations of lidocaine did not affect thermal antinociception in cats.
Abstract
Objective—To characterize the antinociceptive action of IM-administered butorphanol, buprenorphine, or a combination of both by use of a thermal threshold method in cats.
Animals—2 male and 4 female domestic cats.
Procedures—In a controlled, masked, randomized, crossover study design, thermal thresholds were measured by use of a thermal threshold–testing device developed for cats. Each cat received 4 treatments 1 week apart, consisting of 2 simultaneous IM injections in a random order (butorphanol-saline [0.9% NaCl] solution, buprenorphine-saline solution, butorphanol-buprenorphine, and saline solution-saline solution). The tester was unaware of the treatment given. Thermal thresholds were measured prior to injection, at intervals up to 12 hours, and at 22 hours after injection.
Results—There was no significant change in threshold over time after saline solution administration. All 3 opioid treatment groups had significant increases in thermal threshold, compared with pretreatment values (butorphanol, from 50 minutes to 8 hours; buprenorphine, from 35 minutes to 5 hours; and butorphanol-buprenorphine, from 50 minutes to 8 hours). Thermal thresholds did not differ significantly among opioid treatments at any time points, and thermal thesholds of only 2 opioid treatments (butorphanol at 50 minutes and butorphanol-buprenorphine at 8 hours) were significantly different from that of saline solution.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—All 3 opioid treatments provided similar antinociception, although there was considerable intercat variability in the response to the different opioid treatments. This emphasizes the importance of assessing each patient individually and applying the treatment that works best for that patient.
