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Abstract

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the feasibility of endoscopic inspection of thoracolumbar and lumbar pedicle tracts in a canine large-breed model and its accuracy for the detection of breached versus nonbreached tracts.

ANIMALS

2 greyhound cadavers.

METHODS

CT scans of 2 greyhound cadavers from the sixth thoracic vertebra to the sacrum were obtained. Fifty-six pedicles were randomized to have drill tracts with different modified Zdichavsky grades (nonbreached, partial/full medial breach, or partial/full lateral breach) using 3-D–printed guides. Endoscopy was performed on a single occasion from October 9 to 10, 2023, using a 1.9-mm 0-degree needle arthroscope in a randomized blinded fashion. The grading of drill tracts was performed on postoperative CT. Specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values, and time to assign endoscopic grade were investigated.

RESULTS

Postoperative CT confirmed 43 nonbreached tracts, 7 medial breaches (partial/full), and 5 lateral breaches (partial/full). One tract was excluded because of guide misplacement. Intraosseous endoscopy was successfully performed in the remaining 55 drill tracts. Sensitivity to detect medial and lateral breaches was 71.4% and 60.0%. Negative predictive value was 93.1%. Specificity was 94.2%. Positive predictive value for detection of medial and lateral breaches was 83.3% and 54.5%. Median (range) time to assign an endoscopic grade was 118 (30 to 486) seconds.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Intraosseous endoscopy of pedicle drill tracts may be a useful adjunct technique during pedicle screw/pin placement in dogs.

Open access
in American Journal of Veterinary Research

Abstract

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to compare the skull morphology of the Straight Egyptian Arabian (SEAR) to the Thoroughbred (TB), using computed tomography (CT) in the context of surgical procedures commonly performed on the equine head.

ANIMALS

Measurements relating to surgical considerations of the equine head were taken from 29 clinically normal adult horses (15 SEAR, 14 TB).

PROCEDURES

A clinical prospective study. Standing skull CTs were performed. Fourteen gross and 10 CT measurements were taken.

RESULTS

Several variables showed a significant difference between groups, in all cases greater in TB. Head length (P < .001) and facial crest length (P < .001) were significantly shorter in SEAR than TB. The head length was shorter relative to body height in SEAR (P < .001). The lateral length of a virtual maxillary bone flap was shorter in SEAR (P < .001). SEAR had smaller craniofacial angles than TB (P = .018).

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

SEAR skull morphology differs significantly from TB, making surgical approaches potentially more challenging. Compared with TB, the shorter facial crest in the SEAR group could contribute to poor surgical access to the maxillary sinus in SEAR due to shorter maxillary flap lengths. Significant differences in the craniofacial angles between SEAR and TB suggest similarities between SEAR and brachycephalic dog breeds, warranting further investigation.

Open access
in American Journal of Veterinary Research

Abstract

OBJECTIVE To determine the size of the left and right kidneys by use of CT in dogs of various breeds without evidence of renal disease.

DESIGN Retrospective, observational study.

ANIMALS 21 client-owned dogs.

PROCEDURES Renal length, diameter of the abdominal aorta, and length of the L2 vertebral body were measured independently on multiplanar reformatted non–contrast-enhanced CT images by 3 observers at 3 time points. Intraobserver and interobserver agreement for renal length were determined. Associations of renal length with body weight, aorta diameter, and L2 vertebral body length were assessed by calculation of Pearson correlation coefficients and 95% confidence intervals. Renal measurements were normalized to patient size by calculating renal length-to-aorta diameter and renal length-to-L2 vertebral body length ratios for comparison with previously published radiographic and ultrasonographic measurements.

RESULTS All kidneys were identified and measured on CT images by all observers. Intraobserver and interobserver agreement were excellent. Body weight, aorta diameter, and length of the L2 vertebral body were significantly correlated with renal length. Renal length-to-aorta diameter and renal length-to-L2 vertebral body length ratios (7.4 and 2.7, respectively) fell within the ranges of previously published values for these measurements.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE As CT becomes more widely available in general practice, knowledge of typical renal measurements and anatomic ratios obtained with this modality in dogs may be useful. A prospective study with a larger population of dogs, ideally including formulation of a reference range, is needed.

Full access
in Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
in Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association