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- Author or Editor: S. W. Davis x
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Abstract
Objective—To assess changes in muscle glycogen (MG) and triglyceride (MT) concentrations in aerobically conditioned sled dogs during prolonged exercise.
Animals—54 Alaskan sled dogs fed a high-fat diet.
Procedures—48 dogs ran 140-km distances on 4 consecutive days (cumulative distance, up to 560 km); 6 dogs remained as nonexercising control animals. Muscle biopsies were performed immediately after running 140, 420, or 560 km (6 dogs each) and subsequently after feeding and 7 hours of rest. Single muscle biopsies were performed during recovery at 28 hours in 7 dogs that completed 560 km and at 50 and 98 hours in 7 and 6 dogs that completed 510 km, respectively. Tissue samples were analyzed for MG and MT concentrations.
Results—In control dogs, mean ± SD MG and MT concentrations were 375 ± 37 mmol/kg of dry weight (kgDW) and 25.9 ± 10.3 mmol/kgDW, respectively. Compared with control values, MG concentration was lower after dogs completed 140 and 420 km (137 ± 36 mmol/kgDW and 203 ± 30 mmol/kgDW, respectively); MT concentration was lower after dogs completed 140, 420, and 560 km (7.4 ± 5.4 mmol/kgDW; 9.6 ± 6.9 mmol/kgDW, and 6.3 ± 4.9 mmol/kgDW, respectively). Depletion rates during the first run exceeded rates during the final run. Replenishment rates during recovery periods were not different, regardless of distance; only MG concentration at 50 hours was significantly greater than the control value.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Concentration of MG progressively increased in sled dogs undergoing prolonged exercise as a result of attenuated depletion.
Abstract
Objective—To determine whether prolonged exercise by conditioned sled dogs affects urine concentrations of homovanillic acid (a metabolite of dopamine), vanillylmandelic acid (a metabolite of norepinephrine and epinephrine), and cortisol.
Animals—24 conditioned Alaskan sled dogs (2 to 8.5 years old) that were in training for a multiday endurance race.
Procedures—Voided urine samples were collected from 4 groups of dogs (randomly selected from 54 dogs) after no exercise (control group; n = 6 dogs), completion of a 160km run (group A; 3), completion of a 420-km run (group B; 7), and completion of a 560-km run (group C; 6). Urine cortisol concentrations were determined by use of an immunoassay technique; urine vanillylmandelic acid and homovanillic acid concentrations were measured via high-performance liquid chromatography.
Results—Compared with the control group, urine cortisol concentration in groups A, B, and C was significantly different (5.33 × 10−4 ± 2.62 × 10−4 μg/dL vs 1.04 × 10−4 ± 2.31 × 10−5 μg/dL, 8.88 × 10−4 ± 5.49 × 10−4 μg/dL, and 6.31 × 10−4 ± 5.09 × 10−4 μg/dL, respectively). Urine homovanillic acid concentration did not differ among the 4 groups. Vanillylmandelic acid was not detected in any urine samples.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that prolonged exercise by sled dogs did not affect urine homovanillic acid concentration but did increase urinary cortisol secretion, which is indicative of adrenocortical stimulation. The apparent lack of vanillylmandelic acid in voided urine samples requires further investigation.
Summary
In 8 Holstein cows, 50 colony-forming units (cfu) of Escherichia coli was administered into 1 mammary gland. Sections were established in all inoculated glands. In 4 of the 8 cows, 500 mg of gentamicin sulfate was administered by intramammary infusion 14 hours after inoculation; the other 4 cows were untreated controls. Infusions of gentamicin also were given after each of the 3 succesive milkings after the initial infusion, so that a total dose of 2 g of gentamicin was given to each of the treated cows.
During the 33-hour treatment period and for the first milking after the last infusion of gentamicin, the treated cows had a mean gentamicin concentration of ≥ 31.0 μg/ml in milk samples that were collected from inoculated quarters immediately before each milking. Concentrations of 0.34 and 0.69 μg of gentamicin/ml were detected in milk from 2 cows at 8 days after inoculation with E coli. Mean serum concentrations of gentamicin were ≥ 0.37 μg/ml throughout the treatment period and the first 0.2 hours after the last infusion, with a mean peak concentration of 0.96 μg/ml at 24.4 hours. The range of peak concentration of gentamicin detected in urine from all treated cows was 42 to 74.4 μg/ml.
Peak concentration of E coli in milk in the treated cows 6.08 ± 1.02 log10 cfu/ml) did not significantly (P > 0.05) differ from that of the control cows (5.26 ± 1.00 log10 cfu/ml). Similarly, mean duration of infection in the treated cows (54 hours) did not differ significantly from that of the control cows (48 hours). The treatment groups also did not differ significantly in peak concentrations of albumin or IgGl in milk, although mean concentrations of albumin and IgGl at 16 hours after inoculation, and of albumin at 20 hours, was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the milk from control cows than from the treated cows. Mean values of peak rectal temperature and of mean rectal temperature throughout the trial did not differ between the groups. At the end of the 4-week trial, 1 of 4 inoculated glands in treated cows and 3 of 4 in control cows had somatic cell counts less than or equal to preinoculation concentrations (5.18 log10 cells/ml).
Intramammary administration of gentamicin did not affect the duration or severity of experimentally induced E coli mastitis. In addition, substantial concentrations of gentamicin were detected in the serum of treated cows, suggesting that intramammary treatment may result in prolonged drug residues in tissue
Summary
Persistence of the vaccine RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii was studied by bioassay and histologically in 14 pigs. Pigs were euthanatized 2, 4, 7, 8, 14, 15, 21, 29, 36, 42, 52, 57, and 76 days after im inoculation with 100,000 T gondii tachyzoites. Viable T gondii tachyzoites derived from the RH strain were isolated by bioassay in mice inoculated with tissues of pigs euthanatized up to 14 days after vaccination. Except for fever, pigs vaccinated im with the RH strain remained clinically normal. Two other pigs inoculated iv with 100,000 T gondii tachyzoites of the RH strain became ill, and 1 pig was comatose by 4 days after inoculation. These findings indicate that route of inoculation may influence the response of pigs to T gondii. To evaluate protective immunity in pigs vaccinated with the RH strain, 16 age-matched pigs were allotted to 4 groups (A-D) of 4 pigs each. Eight pigs (groups A and C) were vaccinated im with 100,000 RH strain tachyzoites and 8 pigs (groups B and D) were nonvaccinated controls. Pigs of groups A and C were challenge-inoculated orally with a lethal dose of T gondii oocysts (100,000 oocysts) 81 days after vaccination, pigs of groups B and D were inoculated similarly 220 days after vaccination. The concentration of T gondii at 3 days after challenge inoculationl of pigs vaccinated 81 days earlier was reduced 100,000-fold in mesenteric lymph nodes, compared with that in a nonvaccinated pig euthanatized at 3 days after challenge inoculation. Another nonvaccinated pig became comatose and had to be euthanatized at 7 days after challenge inoculation; numerous tachyzoites were in its mesenteric lymph nodes, intestines, and liver. The vaccinated pigs generally remained clinically normal after challenge inoculation with oocysts. Toxoplasma gondii was not isolated by bioassays from tissues of 5 of 8 vaccinated pigs, but was recovered from all nonvaccinated pigs. Results indicate that protective immunity persisted in pigs for at least 7 months after vaccination with the nonpersistent RH strain of T gondii.
Summary
The rh strain of Toxoplasma gondii is highly virulent; 1 infective organism is uniformly lethal for mice. Three pigs inoculated sc with 103 tachyzoites of the rh strain developed fever, but otherwise remained normal, and T gondii was not demonstrated in their tissues by bioassay into mice. To determine whether vaccination with the rh strain could induce protective immunity to oral challenge with T gondii oocysts, 12 pigs were divided into 3 groups (A, B, C) of 4 pigs each. Pigs in groups A and B were inoculated im with 106 tachyzoites of the rh strain and 4 pigs in group C served as uninoculated controls. Except for fever, the pigs remained clinically normal after inoculation with the rh strain and T gondii was not found by bioassay in mice of tissues from 4 pigs euthanatized 64 days after inoculation. Pigs in groups B and C were challenge-inoculated orally with 104 (4 pigs) or 105 (4 pigs) T gondii oocysts 72 days after vaccination with the rh strain. The previously uninoculated pigs developed fever, anorexia, and diarrhea from 3 to 8 days after the oocyst challenge. One of the 2 pigs given 105 oocysts became moribund because of toxoplasmosis and was euthanatized 9 days after inoculation. Pigs vaccinated with the rh strain remained free of clinical signs after challenge with oocysts. Results of the bioassays indicated that fewer tissue cysts developed in the rh strain-vaccinated pigs than in the previously uninoculated control pigs.
Abstract
The American Association of Veterinary Clinicians (AAVC) convened a Diversity, Equity, and Inclusivity working group in March 2021 to address the limited diversity (including but not limited to ethnic, racial, and cultural diversity) in clinical post-DVM graduate training programs and academic faculty. Concurrent with a working group formation, the AAVC developed a strategic plan. The central mission of the AAVC is to develop, support, and connect academic leaders to fuel the future of the veterinary medical profession. House officers and their training programs are central to all goals outlined in the strategic plan. Amongst other strategic goals, the working group identified best practices for intern and resident recruitment and selection. We report herein from the current health profession literature ways to identify and recruit talented, diverse candidates especially those with non-traditional (atypical) preparation and experience. We also provide recommendations on best practices for intern and resident selection. This document highlights holistic approaches, some of which are incrementally being incorporated into the Veterinary Intern Resident Matching Program application, that emphasize diversity as a selection criteria for intern and resident selection an important step towards building a more resilient and inclusive workforce. These include expanding candidate assessment beyond grades and class rank into a more standardized method for screening candidates that includes consideration of life experiences and talents outside of veterinary medicine.
Abstract
Objective—To determine the effects of training and sustained submaximal exercise on hematologic values in racing sled dogs.
Design—Cohort study.
Animals—39 Alaskan sled dogs bred for endurance racing.
Procedures—Blood samples were collected prior to initiation of a 7-month training regimen (n = 39), after completion of the training regimen (19), and after completion of an 1,100-mile race (9), and a CBC, differential cell count, and flow cytometry for leukocyte surface antigens were performed.
Results—Both training and exercise caused significant decreases in PCV and hemoglobin concentration and significant increases in total WBC count. In contrast, training and exercise were not found to have significant effects on absolute numbers or fractions of CD4+ or CD8+ lymphocytes, other than a significant increase in the fraction of CD8+ lymphocytes associated with training.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that training and exercise induced changes in several hematologic values in racing sled dogs. Extracellular fluid volume expansion was the likely explanation for the training-induced decrease in PCV, and acute blood loss secondary to gastrointestinal tract bleeding was likely responsible for the decrease in PCV associated with acute exercise.