Search Results
You are looking at 1 - 9 of 9 items for
- Author or Editor: Richard Sams x
- Refine by Access: All Content x
Abstract
Objective—To determine the effect of administration of commercially available sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) on carbon 13 (13C) isotopic enrichment of carbon dioxide (CO2) in serum of horses.
Animals—7 healthy Thoroughbreds.
Procedure—Sodium bicarbonate (450 g) was administered via nasogastric intubation to horses. Horses had been fed a diet obtained from the same source and had access to water from the same source for 3 months before the study. Blood samples were collected immediately before and at 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours after administration of NaHCO3. The concentration of total CO2 in serum was measured by use of a commercial analyzer. The 13C enrichment of bicarbonate in serum was estimated by measurement of 13C enrichment of CO2 released by acidification of the serum. The 13C enrichment of commercially available NaHCO3 was also determined and compared with that of CO2 in serum of horses before administration of NaHCO3.
Results—Commercially available NaHCO3 had a 13C enrichment significantly different from that of carbon dioxide in serum of horses before treatment. Administration of NaHCO3 increased the concentration of total CO2 from pretreatment values. The 13C enrichment of CO2 in serum was only transiently and minimally affected after administration of NaHCO3.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of NaHCO3 was not detected by measuring 13C enrichment of CO2 in serum of horses. ( Am J Vet Res 2004;65:307–310)
Abstract
Objective—To compare the cardiorespiratory, gastrointestinal, analgesic, and behavioral effects between IV and IM administration of morphine in conscious horses with no signs of pain.
Animals—6 healthy adult horses.
Procedures—Horses received saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (IM or IV) or morphine sulfate (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg, IM or IV) in a randomized, masked crossover study design. The following variables were measured before and for 360 minutes after drug administration: heart and respiratory rates; systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures; rectal temperature; arterial pH and blood gas variables; intestinal motility; and response to thermal and electrical noxious stimuli. Adverse effects and horse behavior were also recorded. Plasma concentrations of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, and morphine-6-glucuronide were measured via liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry.
Results—No significant differences in any variable were evident after saline solution administration. Intravenous and IM administration of morphine resulted in minimal and short-term cardiorespiratory, intestinal motility, and behavioral changes. A decrease in gastrointestinal motility was detected 1 to 2 hours after IM administration of morphine at doses of 0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg and after IV administration of morphine at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg. Morphine administration yielded no change in any horse's response to noxious stimuli. Both morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide were detected in plasma after IV and IM administration of morphine.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Clinically relevant doses of morphine sulfate yielded minimal and short-term behavioral and intestinal motility effects in healthy horses with no signs of pain. Neither dose of morphine affected their response to a noxious stimulus.
Abstract
Objective—To determine the effect of dexmedetomidine, morphine-lidocaine-ketamine (MLK), and dexmedetomidine-morphine-lidocaine-ketamine (DMLK) constant rate infusions on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane and bispectral index (BIS) in dogs.
Animals—6 healthy adult dogs.
Procedures—Each dog was anesthetized 4 times with a 7-day washout period between anesthetic episodes. During the first anesthetic episode, the MAC of isoflurane (baseline) was established. During the 3 subsequent anesthetic episodes, the MAC of isoflurane was determined following constant rate infusion of dexmedetomidine (0.5 μg/kg/h), MLK (morphine, 0.2 mg/kg/h; lidocaine, 3 mg/kg/h; and ketamine, 0.6 mg/kg/h), or DMLK (dexmedetomidine, 0.5 μg/kg/h; morphine, 0.2 mg/kg/h; lidocaine, 3 mg/kg/h; and ketamine 0.6 mg/kg/h). Among treatments, MAC of isoflurane was compared by means of a Friedman test with Conover posttest comparisons, and heart rate, direct arterial pressures, cardiac output, body temperature, inspired and expired gas concentrations, arterial blood gas values, and BIS were compared with repeated-measures ANOVA and a Dunn test for multiple comparisons.
Results—Infusion of dexmedetomidine, MLK, and DMLK decreased the MAC of isoflurane from baseline by 30%, 55%, and 90%, respectively. Mean heart rates during dexmedetomidine and DMLK treatments was lower than that during MLK treatment. Compared with baseline values, mean heart rate decreased for all treatments, arterial pressure increased for the DMLK treatment, cardiac output decreased for the dexmedetomidine treatment, and BIS increased for the MLK and DMLK treatments. Time to extubation and sternal recumbency did not differ among treatments.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Infusion of dexmedetomidine, MLK, or DMLK reduced the MAC of isoflurane in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 2013;74:963–970)
Abstract
Objective—To quantitate the dose and time-related effects of morphine sulfate on the anesthetic sparing effect of xylazine hydrochloride in halothane-anesthetized horses and determine the associated plasma xylazine and morphine concentration-time profiles.
Animals—6 healthy adult horses.
Procedure—Horses were anesthetized 3 times to determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of halothane in O2 and characterize the anesthetic sparing effect (ie, decrease in MAC of halothane) by xylazine (0.5 mg/kg, IV) administration followed immediately by IV administration of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, low-dose morphine (0.1 mg/kg), or high-dose morphine (0.2 mg/kg). Selected parameters of cardiopulmonary function were also determined over time to verify consistency of conditions.
Results—Mean (± SEM) MAC of halothane was 1.05 ± 0.02% and was decreased by 20.1 ± 6.6% at 49 ± 2 minutes following xylazine administration. The amount of MAC reduction in response to xylazine was time dependent. Addition of morphine to xylazine administration did not contribute further to the xylazine-induced decrease in MAC (reductions of 21.9 ± 1.2 and 20.7 ± 1.5% at 43 ± 4 and 40 ± 4 minutes following xylazine-morphine treatments for low-and high-dose morphine, respectively). Overall, cardiovascular and respiratory values varied little among treatments. Kinetic parameters describing plasma concentration-time curves for xylazine were not altered by the concurrent administration of morphine.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of xylazine decreases the anesthetic requirement for halothane in horses. Concurrent morphine administration to anesthetized horses does not alter the anesthetic sparing effect of xylazine or its plasma concentration-time profile. (Am J Vet Res 2004; 65:519–526)
Abstract
Objective—To compare systemic bioavailability and duration for therapeutic plasma concentrations and cardiovascular, respiratory, and analgesic effects of morphine administered per rectum, compared with IV and IM administration in dogs.
Animals—6 healthy Beagles.
Procedure—In a randomized study, each dog received the following: morphine IV (0.5 mg/kg of body weight), morphine per rectum (1, 2, and 5 mg/kg as a suppository and 2 mg/kg as a solution), and a control treatment. Intramuscular administration of morphine (1 mg/kg) was evaluated separately. Heart and respiratory rates, systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures, adverse effects, and plasma morphine concentrations were measured. Analgesia was defined as an increase in response threshold, compared with baseline values, to applications of noxious mechanical (pressure) and thermal (heat) stimuli. Data were evaluated, using Friedman repeated-measures ANOVA on ranks and Student-Newman-Keuls post-hoc t-tests.
Results—Significant differences were not found in cardiovascular, respiratory, or analgesia values between control and morphine groups. Overall systemic bioavailability of morphine administered per rectum was 19.6%. Plasma morphine concentration after administration of the highest dose (5 mg/kg) as a suppository was significantly higher than concentrations 60 and 360 minutes after IV and IM administration, respectively. A single route of administration did not consistently fulfill our criteria for providing analgesia.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Rectal administration of morphine did not increase bioavailability above that reported for oral administration of morphine in dogs. Low bioavailability and plasma concentrations limit the clinical usefulness of morphine administered per rectum in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:24–28)
Abstract
Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetic disposition of IV administered caffeine in healthy Lama spp camelids.
Animals—4 adult male alpacas and 4 adult female llamas.
Procedures—Caffeine (3 mg/kg) was administered as an IV bolus. Plasma caffeine concentrations were determined by use of high-performance liquid chromatography in 6 animals and by use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in 2 llamas.
Results—Median elimination half-life was 11 hours (range, 9.3 to 29.8 hours) in alpacas and 16 hours (range, 5.4 to 17 hours) in llamas. The volume of distribution at steady state was 0.60 L/kg (range, 0.45 to 0.93 L/kg) in alpacas and 0.75 L/kg (range, 0.68 to 1.15 L/kg) in llamas. Total plasma clearance was 44 mL/h/kg (range, 24 to 56 mL/h/kg) in alpacas and 42 mL/h/kg (range, 30 to 109 mL/h/kg) in llamas.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—High-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were suitable methods for determination of plasma caffeine concentrations in alpacas and llamas. Plasma caffeine concentration-time curves were best described by a 2-compartment model. Elimination half-lives, plasma clearance, volume of distribution at steady state, and mean residence time were not significantly different between alpacas and llamas. Intravenous administration of caffeine at a dose of 3 mg/kg did not induce clinical signs of excitement.
Abstract
Objective—To evaluate calcium balance and parathyroid gland function in healthy horses and horses with enterocolitis and compare results of an immunochemiluminometric assay (ICMA) with those of an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) for determination of serum intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations in horses.
Animals—64 horses with enterocolitis and 62 healthy horses.
Procedures—Blood and urine samples were collected for determination of serum total calcium, ionized calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+), phosphorus, BUN, total protein, creatinine, albumin, and PTH concentrations, venous blood gases, and fractional urinary clearance of calcium (FCa) and phosphorus (FP). Serum concentrations of PTH were measured in 40 horses by use of both the IRMA and ICMA.
Results—Most (48/64; 75%) horses with enterocolitis had decreased serum total calcium, Ca2+, and Mg2+ concentrations and increased phosphorus concentrations, compared with healthy horses. Serum PTH concentration was increased in most (36/51; 70.6%) horses with hypocalcemia. In addition, FCa was significantly decreased and FP significantly increased in horses with enterocolitis, compared with healthy horses. Results of ICMA were in agreement with results of IRMA.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Enterocolitis in horses is often associated with hypocalcemia; 79.7% of affected horses had ionized hypocalcemia. Because FCa was low, it is unlikely that renal calcium loss was the cause of hypocalcemia. Serum PTH concentrations varied in horses with enterocolitis and concomitant hypocalcemia. However, we believe low PTH concentration in some hypocalcemic horses may be the result of impaired parathyroid gland function. ( Am J Vet Res 2001;62:938–947)
Abstract
Objective—To determine the anesthetic, cardiorespiratory, and metabolic effects of 4 IV anesthetic regimens in Thoroughbred horses recuperating from a brief period of maximal exercise.
Animals—6 adult Thoroughbreds.
Procedure—Horses were preconditioned by exercising them on a treadmill. Each horse ran 4 simulated races, with a minimum of 14 days between races. Races were run at a treadmill speed that caused horses to exercise at 120% of their maximal oxygen consumption. Horses ran until fatigued or for a maximum of 2 minutes. Two minutes after exercise, horses received a combination of xylazine hydrochloride (2.2 mg/kg of body weight) and acepromazine maleate (0.04 mg/kg) IV. Five minutes after exercise, horses received 1 of the following 4 IV anesthetic regimens: ketamine hydrochloride (2.2 mg/kg); ketamine (2.2 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.1 mg/kg); tiletamine hydrochloride-zolazepam hydrochloride (1 mg/kg); and guaifenesin (50 mg/kg) and thiopental sodium (5 mg/kg). Treatments were randomized. Cardiopulmonary indices were measured, and samples of blood were collected before and at specific times for 90 minutes after each race.
Results—Each regimen induced lateral recumbency. The quality of induction and anesthesia after ketamine administration was significantly worse than after other regimens, and the duration of anesthesia was significantly shorter. Time to lateral recumbency was significantly longer after ketamine or guaifenesinthiopental administration than after ketaminediazepam or tiletamine-zolazepam administration. Arterial blood pressures after guaifenesin-thiopental administration were significantly lower than after the other regimens.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Anesthesia can be safely induced in sedated horses immediately after maximal exercise. Ketamine-diazepam and tiletamine- zolazepam induced good quality anesthesia with acceptable perturbations in cardiopulmonary and metabolic indices. Ketamine alone and guaifenesinthiopental regimens are not recommended. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:1545–1552)
Abstract
Objective—To determine the effects of IV administration of enalaprilat on cardiorespiratory and hematologic variables as well as inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in exercising horses.
Animals—6 adult horses.
Procedure—Horses were trained by running on a treadmill for 5 weeks. Training was continued throughout the study period, and each horse also ran 2 simulated races at 120% of maximum oxygen consumption. Three horses were randomly selected to receive treatment 1 (saline [0.9% NaCl] solution), and the remaining 3 horses received treatment 2 (enalaprilat; 0.5 mg/kg of body weight, IV) before each simulated race. Treatment groups were reversed for the second simulated race. Cardiorespiratory and hematologic data were obtained before, during, and throughout the 1-hour period after each simulated race. Inhibition of ACE activity was determined during and after each race in each horse.
Results—Exercise resulted in significant increases in all hemodynamic variables and respiratory rate. The pH and PO2 of arterial blood decreased during simulated races, whereas PCO2 remained unchanged. Systemic and pulmonary blood pressure measurements and arterial pH, PO2, and PCO2 returned to baseline values by 60 minutes after simulated races. Enalaprilat inhibited ACE activity to < 25% of baseline activity without changing cardiorespiratory or blood gas values, compared with horses administered saline solution.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Enalaprilat administration almost completely inhibited ACE activity in horses without changing the hemodynamic responses to intense exercise and is unlikely to be of value in preventing exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. (Am J Vet Res 2001;62:1008–1013)
