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- Author or Editor: R. W. Walton x
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Summary
An epizootic of subclinical and clinical mastitis caused by Serratia marcescens was investigated in a 1,000-cow dairy farm in California. Serratia marcescens was isolated from 13 to 18% of composite milk samples obtained from lactating dairy cows. During monthly milk sampling performed during a 4-month period, S marcescens was isolated from 38.8 to 62.3% of composite milk samples obtained from cows from which S marcescens was previously isolated. Few cows infected with S marcescens had evidence of clinical mastitis. Somatic cell count value was associated with isolation of S marcescens. Cows with somatic cell counts > 500,000 were 5.48 times as likely to have intramammary infections with S marcescens, compared with cows with somatic cell count ≤ 500,000. Lactation number also was associated with S marcescens intramammary infection. After adjusting for the effect of lactation number, cows with high somatic cell count values were 2.98 times as likely to have intramammary infection with S marcescens, compared with cows with low somatic cell counts. Infection with S marcescens was independent of days in lactation, production string, and daily milk production. Eleven months after the beginning of the epizootic, S marcescens was isolated from organic bedding samples obtained from the dairy. Despite numerous attempts, other sources of S marcescens could not be identified on this dairy.
Abstract
Objective—To compare indicators of postoperative pain and behavior in dogs with and without a lowdose ketamine infusion added to usual perioperative management.
Design—Prospective, randomized, blinded clinical study.
Animals—27 dogs undergoing forelimb amputation.
Procedure—Dogs were anesthetized with glycopyrrolate, morphine, propofol, and isoflurane. Thirteen dogs were treated with ketamine IV, as follows: 0.5 mg/kg (0.23 mg/lb) as a bolus before surgery, 10 µg/kg/min (4.5 µg/lb/min) during surgery, and 2 µg/kg/min (0.9 µg/lb/min) for 18 hours after surgery. Fourteen dogs received the same volume of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. All dogs received an infusion of fentanyl (1 to 5 µg/kg/h [0.45 to 2.27 µg/lb/h]) for the first 18 hours after surgery. Dogs were evaluated for signs of pain before surgery, at the time of extubation, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, and 18 hours after extubation. Owners evaluated their dogs' appetite, activity, and wound soreness on postoperative days 2, 3, and 4.
Results—Dogs that received ketamine infusions had significantly lower pain scores 12 and 18 hours after surgery and were significantly more active on postoperative day 3 than dogs that received saline solution infusions.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that perioperative administration of low doses of ketamine to dogs may augment analgesia and comfort in the postoperative surgical period. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;221:72–75)
Abstract
Objective
To evaluate the effects of arthroscopic surgery, osteochondral fragmentation, and treatment with IV administered hyaluronate on histologic, histochemical, and biochemical measurements within the carpal joints of horses.
Animals
12 clinically normal horses, 2 to 7 years of age.
Procedure
Horses had an osteochondral fragment created at the distal aspect of the radiocarpal bone of 1 randomly chosen middle carpal joint to simulate osteochondral fragmentation. Horses were treated with 40 mg of hyaluronate or saline solution (placebo) intravenously once a week for 3 consecutive weeks (days 13, 20, and 27 after surgery). Treadmill exercise proceeded 5 days per week beginning 15 days, and ending 72 days, after surgery. Clinical evaluations were performed at the beginning and end of the study. Synovial fluid samples were obtained aseptically from both middle carpal joints on days 0, 13, 20, 27, 34, and 72 after surgery, and total protein, inflammatory cell, hyaluronate, glycosaminoglycan, and prostaglandin E2 concentrations were measured in each sample. All horses were euthanatized on day 72. Synovial membrane and articular cartilage were obtained for histologic evaluation. Articular cartilage samples were also obtained aseptically for determining glycosaminoglycan content and chondrocyte synthetic rate for glycosaminoglycans.
Results
Horses treated with hyaluronate intravenously had lower lameness scores (were less lame), significantly better synovial membrane histologic scores, and significantly lower concentrations of total protein and prostaglandin E2 within synovial fluid 72 days after surgery, compared with placebo-treated horses. Treatment with intravenously administered hyaluronate had no significant effects on glycosaminoglycan content, synthetic rate or morphologic scoring in articular cartilage, or other synovial fluid measurements.
Conclusion
Intravenously administered hyaluronate appears to alleviate signs of lameness by interacting with synoviocytes, and by decreasing production and release of inflammatory mediators. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1132–1140)
