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- Author or Editor: M. D. Salman x
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Abstract
Objectives—To assess the sensitivity of the current surveillance program used in Denmark for detecting outbreaks of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) at the herd level and to evaluate the impact of alternative sample collection strategies on the sensitivity of the system in an acceptable time frame.
Sample Population—Data from the Danish Central Husbandry Register on cattle of 24,355 and 25,233 beef herds and on 13,034 and 12,003 dairy herds in the years 2000 and 2001, respectively.
Procedures—Surveillance programs were evaluated under current sample collection conditions and under 3 alternative scenarios by use of simulation modeling. Data from the current detection component of the surveillance system were used as input, taking into consideration the sensitivity and specificity of bulktank milk and serologic testing.
Results—The current system identifies infected dairy herds within a 3-month period with desired accuracy largely because of the test characteristics and number of bulk-tank milk samples. The system is less likely to detect infected beef herds in a timely manner because surveillance in beef herds depends solely on serologic testing at the time of slaughter. The efficiency of surveillance in dairy cattle herds was not decreased substantially when the slaughter-surveillance component was omitted.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Geographically targeted sample collection during the high-risk season (winter) was predicted to increase the probability of rapid detection of IBR infection in cattle. This approach can be used for assessing other surveillance systems to determine the best strategies for detection of infected herds. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:2149–2153)
Abstract
Objective—To determine the proportion of adult cattle that change test status when an ELISA for antibodies against Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP) is used to assay samples collected twice at variable intervals and to determine whether cows with an initial strong positive result were more likely to maintain positive status, compared with all cows with an initial positive result.
Design—Cross-sectional observational study.
Animals—3,757 adult dairy cattle.
Procedure—Serum samples were obtained twice from cattle at intervals ranging from 77 to 600 days between collections. Samples were tested with an ELISA for detection of antibodies to MAP.
Results—Of 157 cattle with initial positive results (value for the sample divided by the value for positivecontrol serum [S/P] ≥ 0.25), 62 (39.5%) had negative results for the second sample. Of 71 cattle with an initial S/P value ≥ 0.40, 13 (18.3%) had a negative result (S/P < 0.25) for the second sample. Of 33 cattle with an initial S/P ≥ 0.70, 3 (9.1%) had a negative result (S/P value < 0.25) for the second sample. Interval between collection of samples did not affect results.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Many cows changed ELISA status between samples collected at variable intervals. Cows with an initial high S/P value (≥ 0.70) were more likely to maintain positive status than cows classified as positive on the basis of cutoff values of ≥ 0.25 or ≥ 0.40. Veterinarians should expect variability in ELISA results when repeated testing of cattle is used as part of an MAP control program. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;220:1685–1689)
Abstract
Objective—To determine whether logarithmic and polynomial models are superior to simple linear models for predicting reference values for M-mode echocardiographic variables in dogs with a wide range of body weights.
Animals—69 apparently healthy adult male and female dogs of various breeds, ages (range, 1 to 12 years; median, 3.5 years), and body weights (range, 3.9 to 97.7 kg; median, 25.4 kg).
Procedure—Echocardiographic M-mode measurements of the interventricular septum, left ventricular dimension (LVD), left ventricular wall, aorta, and left atrium were obtained. Simple linear, second-order polynomial, third-order polynomial, and logarithmic regression models were determined by use of the least-squares method to describe the relationship between M-mode measurements and body weight. Differences in adjusted R 2 values of logarithmic and polynomial models were tested for significance of contribution, compared with the simple linear model.
Results—Significant differences in adjusted R2 were found when comparing simple linear with logarithmic or polynomial models for LVD-diastole, LVD-systole, aorta, and left atrium. Differences in adjusted R2 between second-order polynomial, third-order polynomial, and logarithmic models were not significant for any M-mode measurement.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In this study, logarithmic or second-order polynomial models predicted reference values of M-mode measurements for size of the cardiac chambers better than simple linear models for dogs with a wide range of body weights. Logarithmic and polynomial models were not superior to simple linear models for M-mode measurements of cardiac wall thickness. (Am J Vet Res 2002;63:994–999)
Abstract
Objective—To assess phylogenetic relationships among Mycobacterium bovis isolates by use of random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) fingerprinting and to relate genetic profiles of isolates to epidemiologic characteristics.
Animals—400 cattle with tuberculosis.
Procedure—Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from various organs of cattle slaughtered in 6 geographic regions of Mexico. Most cattle were adult Holsteins from large herds that did not participate in a tuberculosis control program. Four random primers and 2 selected primers were used in RAPD-PCR fingerprinting of 88 isolates. Pairwise genetic distance between isolates was obtained and subjected to cluster analysis with bootstrapping to test for levels of support.
Results—98 different fragments were obtained; there was broad genetic diversity among isolates, and each isolate had a unique RAPD-genotype, including those originating from the same herd. Clustering by geographic location, affected organ, or severity of lesion was not detected. Linkage disequilibrium analysis suggested that M bovis was highly clonal and that mutations develop at a rapid rate among isolates.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of RAPDPCR could not differentiate M bovis isolates by epidemiologic characteristics or identify common sources of infection. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:90–95)
Abstract
Objective—To estimate seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP) infection among adult dairy cows in Colorado and determine herd-level factors associated with the risk that individual cows would be seropositive.
Design—Cross-sectional observational study.
Animals—10,280 adult (≥ 2 years old) dairy cows in 15 herds in Colorado.
Procedure—Serum samples were tested with a commercial ELISA. A herd was considered to be infected with MAP if results of mycobacterial culture of ≥ 1 individual cow fecal sample were positive or if ≥ 1 culled cow had histologic evidence of MAP infection.
Results—424 of the 10,280 (4.12%) cows were seropositive. Within-herd prevalence of seropositive cows ranged from 0% to 7.82% (mean, 2.6%). Infection was confirmed in 11 dairies. Cows in herds that had imported ≥ 8% of their current herd size annually during the preceding 5 years were 3.28 times as likely to be seropositive as were cows in herds that imported < 8%. Cows in herds with ≥ 600 lactating cows were 3.12 times as likely to be seropositive as were cows in herds with < 600 lactating cows. Cows in herds with a history of clinical signs of MAP infection were 2.27 times as likely to be seropositive as were cows in herds without clinical signs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Annual importation rate, herd size, and whether cows in the herd had clinical signs typical of MAP infection were associated with the risk that individual cows would be seropositive for MAP infection. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;225:97–101)
Abstract
Objective—To quantify effects of certified health programs on the sale price of beef calves sold through a livestock videotape auction service.
Design—Longitudinal study.
Sample Population—26,502 lots representing 3,205,192 beef calves sold through a livestock videotape auction service between 1995 and 2005.
Procedures—Data describing each lot of beef calves that were marketed from 1995 through 2005 by a livestock videotape auction service were obtained from sale catalogues. For each year of the study, multiple regression analysis was used to quantify the effect of certified health programs on sale price.
Results—For each year of the study, beef calves that qualified for the 2 most intensive certified health programs sold for significantly higher prices, compared with prices for similar calves that were not in a certified health program, had not been vaccinated against respiratory tract viruses, and were not weaned before delivery. Price premiums for calves in the most intensive certified health program ranged from $2.47/100 lb (hundredweight [cwt]; 1 cwt equals 45.45 kg) in 1995 to $7.91/cwt in 2004. Price premiums paid for calves qualifying for the next most intensive certified health program ranged from $0.99/cwt in 1996 to $3.47/cwt in 2004. The percentage of the total number of lots in the 2 most intensive certified health programs increased over time.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Findings from this study indicated that implementation of the 2 most intensive certified health programs consistently increased the price of beef calves, and these price premiums increased over time.
Abstract
Objectives—To determine epidemiologic factors associated with tuberculosis (TB) in dairy cattle slaughtered in 6 important regions for milk production in Mexico.
Animals—2,500 cattle.
Procedure—Tissue specimens with lesions typical of TB were obtained during routine inspection of carcasses at abbatoirs between July 1996 and January 1997. Infection with Mycobacterium organisms was confirmed by histologic examination and bacteriologic culture. Species identification was made by use of selective growth medium, conventional biochemical tests, and radiometric procedures. Epidemiologic information for affected cattle was obtained by personal interviews with cattle dealers and owners.
Results—400 (16%) of 2,500 cattle carcasses had gross lesions typical of TB. Of the 400 infected cattle, 336 (84%) had lesions in ≥ 1 lymph node. Infection was confirmed in 87% of cattle with gross lesions by histologic examination, in 77% by bacteriologic culture at a laboratory in the United States, and in 59% by bacteriologic culture at a laboratory in Mexico. Most cattle were adult females in fair to good body condition that came from large herds (> 500 cattle) and were not included in the Mexican TB control program.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Mean prevalence of lesions typical of TB in dairy cattle at 6 locations in Mexico was 16%. Mycobacterium infection was confirmed by various techniques in most lesions. Recognition of typical gross lesions at slaughter may expedite TB control procedures. (Am J Vet Res 2000; 61:86–89)
Abstract
Objective—To compare molecular associations between the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-New Jersey isolates of the 1995 outbreak with those from previous outbreaks between 1982 and 1985 in the western United States.
Sample Population—23 virus isolates considered representative of the 1995 outbreak of vesicular stomatitis.
Procedure—Viral gene coding for surface-envelope protein G was evaluated by use of nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis.
Results—Changes in up to 0.77% of the nucleotide bases and 1.35% of the amino acids were detected among the 1995 viral isolates, whereas changes in up to 3.2 and 2.9% of the nucleotides and amino acids, respectively, were found, compared with the 1982 to 1985 viruses. Insertions or deletions were not found in the entire gene, which spanned 1,554 nucleotide bases.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 1995 VSV-New Jersey belongs to a lineage distinct from that of the 1982 to 1985 viruses that caused previous outbreaks in the western United States. Furthermore, it also is distinct from strains from Central America and from the Georgian Hazelhurst strain. (Am J Vet Res 2000; 61:1358–1363)
Abstract
Objective—To assess the likelihood of an introduction of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) into the Malaysia-Thailand-Myanmar (MTM) peninsula through terrestrial movement of livestock.
Animals—89,294 cattle and buffalo legally moved into the MTM peninsula.
Procedures—A quantitative risk assessment was conducted by use of a stochastic simulation. Patterns of livestock movement were ascertained through review of relevant governmental records and regulations and by interviewing farmers, traders, and local officers when the records did not exist. Parameters identified in the process were the probabilities of livestock having FMD and of FMD infection going undetected during import processes. The probability of an animal accepted for import having FMD was also assessed. Sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the effects that each parameter had on the model.
Results—The simulation yielded an average consignment prevalence of 10.95%. Typically, each animal in a quarantine facility had a 2.7% chance of having an inapparent form of FMD infection; hence, it was likely an animal would not be identified as infected. Findings revealed that the mean probability of an animal accepted for import having FMD was 2.9%, and the risk was as high as 11%.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of the model allowed for the evaluation of movement regulations currently imposed in the MTM peninsula. Evidence from the study suggested that current practices in animal movement were far from efficient in preventing introduction of FMD-infected animals into the MTM region, and additional measures will be necessary.
