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- Author or Editor: Lisa W. Halbert x
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Objective—
To determine the efficacy of intramuscular administration of ceftiofur sodium as treatment for intra-mammary infections attributable to Streptococcus agalac-tiae, compared with that for a standard treatment of intramammary infusion of penicillin/novobiocin.
Design—
Prospective, randomized, controlled trial.
Animals—
72 lactating Holstein cows with intramammary infections caused by S agalactiae from 5 commercial dairies in Michigan.
Procedure—
In 36 of 72 infected cows, ceftiofur was administered (2.2 mg/kg of body weight, IM, q 24 h) for 5 days; 150 mg of novobiocin and 100,000 U of procaine penicillin G was infused daily into each mammary gland of the other 36 cows for 2 days. Milk samples were collected aseptically at approximately 4 and 8 weeks after initial treatment. If cows were determined to be infected at 4 weeks after initial treatment, the treatment was repeated.
Results—
The cure rate at 4 weeks (91.7%) and at 8 weeks (96.8%) after initial treatment for the penicillin/ novobiocin-treated cows was significantly (P < 0.0001) higher, compared with that of the ceftiofur-treated cows (2.8 and 9.1%, respectively). Somatic cell counts were significantly (P < 0.0001) lower in the penicillin/novobio-cin-treated group after treatment.
Clinical Implications—
Intramuscular administration of ceftiofur is not efficacious as a treatment to eliminate intramammary infections caused by S agalactiae and should not be used to reduce the prevalence of this organism in dairy herds. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208: 258-260)
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether feeding a direct-fed microbial (DFM) to dairy calves would reduce total and antimicrobial-resistant coliform counts in feces and affect average daily gain (ADG).
ANIMALS 21 preweaned Holstein heifer calves.
PROCEDURES The study had a randomized complete block design. Within each block, 3 consecutively born calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups within 24 hours after birth (day 0). Calves were fed the DFM at 1.0 g (DFM1; n = 7) or 0.5 g (DFM2; 7) twice daily or no DFM (control; 7) from days 0 through 29. A fecal sample was collected from each calf daily on days 0 through 3 and then every other day through day 29. Fecal samples were cultured, and mean numbers of total coliforms and coliforms resistant to ampicillin, ceftiofur, and tetracycline were compared among the 3 treatment groups. Calves were weighed on days 0 and 29 to calculate ADG.
RESULTS Mean total fecal coliform counts did not differ significantly among the 3 treatment groups. Mean ceftiofur-resistant and tetracycline-resistant coliform counts for the control group were significantly lower, compared with those for the DFM1 and DFM2 groups. Mean ADG did not differ significantly between the DFM1 and DFM2 groups; however, the mean ADG for all calves fed the DFM was 0.15 kg less than that for control calves.
CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that the DFM fed to the preweaned calves of this study did not reduce total or antimicrobial-resistant coliform counts in feces.
Abstract
Objective—To describe antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in Campylobacter spp isolated from dairy cattle and farms managed organically and conventionally in the midwestern and northeastern United States.
Design—Longitudinal study.
Sample Population—128 farms.
Procedure—Samples and data were collected every 2 months from August 2000 to October 2001. Fecal samples were collected from calves and cows. Milk samples were obtained from the bulk tank and milk line filters. Environmental samples were obtained from a water source, feed bunks of lactating cows, and cattle housing areas. Campylobacter identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed at a central laboratory by use of microbroth dilution with 2 customized antimicrobial susceptibility panels.
Results—460 and 1,570 Campylobacter isolates were obtained from organic and conventional dairy farms, respectively. Most isolates from both farm types were susceptible to most antimicrobial agents tested, and antimicrobial susceptibility of conventional dairy isolates was decreased, compared with organic dairy isolates. Low proportions of isolates resistant to ampicillin (< 10%) and moderate proportions resistant (30% to 60%) to kanamycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline were observed on both farm types. The proportion of isolates resistant to tetracycline was higher for conventional than organic farms.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Campylobacter isolates from dairy cattle and farms managed organically and conventionally had similar patterns of antimicrobial resistance; the proportion of resistant isolates was higher for conventional than organic farms.
Abstract
Objective—To describe the occurrence of fecal shedding, persistence of shedding over time, and serogroup classification of Salmonella spp on a large number of dairy farms of various sizes.
Design—Longitudinal study.
Sample Population—22,417 fecal samples from cattle and 4,570 samples from the farm environment on 110 organic and conventional dairy farms in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and New York.
Procedure—5 visits were made to each farm at 2-month intervals from August 2000 to October 2001. Fecal samples from healthy cows, calves, and other targeted cattle groups and samples from bulk tank milk, milk line filters, water, feed sources, and pen floors were collected at each visit. Bacterial culture was performed at 1 laboratory.
Results—Salmonella spp were isolated from 4.8% of fecal samples and 5.9% of environmental samples; 92.7% of farms had at least 1 Salmonella-positive sample. The 75th percentile for median within-herd prevalence of Salmonella spp in cattle for 5 sampling visits to a given farm was 2.0% and for maximum within-herd prevalence of Salmonella spp was 13.6%. Farms with a median within-herd prevalence of Salmonella spp of ≥ 2.0% accounted for 76.3% of Salmonella-positive samples. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of Salmonella spp between conventional and organic farms. Seasonal differences in Salmonella shedding were observed. More farms had at least 1 serogroup B isolate than any other serogroup, whereas serogroup E1 was the most common among all Salmonella-positive samples. More than 1 serogroup was isolated on 76.4% of Salmonella-positive farms.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Salmonella spp were isolated from > 90% of dairy farms; however, 25% of farms accounted for > 75% of Salmonella-positive samples. This information is critical for the direction of intervention strategies to decrease the prevalence of Salmonella spp on dairy farms. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;225:567–573)
