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- Author or Editor: Jean-Pierre Braun x
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Abstract
Objective—To compare 4 techniques for determination of total protein concentrations in peritoneal and pleural effusions from dogs.
Sample Population—23 peritoneal and 12 pleural fluid samples from 35 dogs with various abnormalities.
Procedure—Samples were collected into tubes containing EDTA, centrifuged, and stored at −20 C until total protein concentrations were assessed. Protein concentration in each sample was determined by use of urine test strips, refractometry, and Bradford and biuret techniques. Accuracy of each method was determined, using dilutions of human control sera.
Results—There was good correlation among results of all quantitative procedures. Results of the biuret technique were more accurate than results of the Bradford assay. Refractometry underestimated protein concentration in samples with < 20 g of protein/L. Results of urine test strips correctly classified effusion samples into 2 groups on the basis of total protein concentrations less than or greater than 20 g/L.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of any of these 4 techniques can be used to rapidly and efficiently differentiate peritoneal and pleural fluid from dogs into transudates and exudates on the basis of total protein concentration less than or greater than 20 g/L, respectively. (Am J Vet Res 2001;62:294-296)
Abstract
Objective—To establish reference intervals of plasma biochemical values in healthy adult domestic shorthair (DSH) cats by use of controlled conditions.
Animals—95 healthy client-owned cats.
Procedures—Food was withheld from the cats overnight. All blood samples were obtained on the same day, at the same location, and by the same investigator. Blood samples were collected from a cephalic vein into lithium heparin tubes. After centrifugation of blood samples, plasma supernatants were harvested and stored at −20°C until assayed for total proteins, albumin, creatinine, urea, glucose, calcium, phosphates, sodium, chloride, potassium, and CO2 concentrations and alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase activities.
Results—Reference intervals in healthy adult DSH cats were 65 to 85 g/L for total proteins, 27 to 39 g/L for albumin, 89 to 207 μmol/L for creatinine, 6.6 to 11.3 mmol/L for urea, 4.1 to 8.2 mmol/L for glucose, 2.4 to 2.9 mmol/L for calcium, 1.1 to 2.1 mmol/L for phosphates, 153 to 161 mmol/L for sodium, 120 to 127 mmol/L for chloride, 3.3 to 4.2 mmol/L for potassium, 15 to 21 mmol/L for CO2, 32 to 147 U/L for alkaline phosphatase, and 34 to 123 U/L for alanine aminotransferase.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—This study provided reference intervals for plasma analytes in adult DSH cats. The influence of potential confounding factors was minimized through use of controlled preanalytic and analytic conditions. However, these results cannot be extrapolated to other feline breeds or used to interpret results from other biochemical analyzers.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of storage conditions on the canine urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPC) and on SDS–agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) of urinary proteins.
SAMPLE Urine specimens from 20 proteinuric (UPC > 0.5) and 20 nonproteinuric (UPC ≤ 0.2) dogs.
PROCEDURES UPC and SDS-AGE were performed on urine specimens stored at room temperature (20°C) and 4°C for up to 5 days and at −20° and −80°C for up to 360 days; some specimens were subjected to 3 freeze-thaw cycles. Results were compared with those obtained for fresh urine specimens.
RESULTS UPC was not affected by storage at room temperature or by freezing. A decrease in UPC was observed for specimens from nonproteinuric dogs after 5 days at 4°C (10%) and from both groups after 90 days at −20° and −80°C (≤ 20% and ≤ 15%, respectively). The SDS-AGE profiles revealed no visual changes regardless of duration of storage for specimens stored at room temperature, 4°C, and −80°C, except for 1 profile after 360 days at −80°C. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles did not affect SDS-AGE profiles. Appearance or strengthening of high-molecular-weight bands that could alter interpretation was evident in SDS-AGE profiles after storage at −20°C for ≥ 15 days (31/40 dogs).
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Storage of urine at −20° or −80°C for up to 1 year influenced the UPC without affecting clinical interpretation. Storage of urine specimens at −20°C impaired visual analysis of SDS-AGE. When SDS-AGE cannot be performed on fresh or recently refrigerated urine specimens, storage at −80°C is recommended.
Summary
Pharmacokinetic variables of skeletal muscle creatine kinase (ck) activity after iv administration of a muscle extract; ck bioavailability after im administration of the muscle extract; and effect of im administration of saline solution, to appreciate the possible release of ck consecutive to muscle puncture, were determined in 6 cows. A general equation for the quantitative estimation of skeletal muscle damage also was derived.
Administration of saline solution im had no effect on plasma ck activity (anova, P > 0.05) in any of the cows. After iv administration of the muscle extract (150 U/kg of body weight), mean volume of the central compartment, plasma half-life, and plasma clearance of ck were 0.027 ± 0.007 L/kg, 520 ± 109 minutes, and 6.43 ± 2.29 ml/kg/h, respectively. After im administration (150 U/kg), mean bioavailability of ck was 51 ± 17% and maximal plasma ck activity (500 ± 97 U/L) was observed at 454 ± 131 minutes. The rate of ck activity entry into plasma was determined by use of deconvolution analysis. Two peaks were observed; the first appeared before the 30th minute after im administration, and the second appeared at 3.3 ± 1.1 hours. Amplitudes were 6.31 ± 4.45 and 6.57 ± 3.08 U/kg/h, for the first and the second peaks, respectively. The quantity of ck liberated from control muscle was 0.69 ± 0.12 U/kg/h, corresponding to a normal daily catabolism of 5.8 ± 1.0 mg of muscle/kg. From these results, the following equation can be proposed to determine the corresponding mean equivalent of destroyed muscle (Qmuscle, test article) after im administration of a test article:
Qmuscle, test article (g/kg) = 4.41 · 10-6. auc (U/h/L), with auc being the ck plasma activity area under the curve.
Abstract
Objective—To assess the effects of moderate exercise on plasma creatine kinase (CK) pharmacokinetics and to estimate exercise-induced muscle damage in dogs.
Animals—6 untrained adult Beagles.
Procedure—The study was divided into 3 phases. In phase 1, dogs ran for 1 hour at a speed of 9 km/h, and samples were used to determine the area under the plasma CK activity versus time curve (AUC) induced by exercise. In phases 2 and 3, pharmacokinetics of CK were calculated in dogs during exercise and at rest, respectively. Values for AUC and plasma clearance (Cl) were used to estimate muscle damage.
Results—At rest, values for Cl, steady-state volume of distribution (Vdss), and mean retention time (MRT) were 0.32 ± 0.02 ml/kg of body weight/min, 57 ± 17.3 ml/kg, and 3.0 ± 0.57 h, respectively. During exercise, Cl decreased significantly (0.26 ± 0.03 ml/kg/min), MRT increased significantly, (4.4 ± 0.97 h), and Vdss remained unchanged. Peak of plasma CK activity (151 ± 58.8 U/L) was observed 3 hours after completion of exercise. Estimated equivalent amount of muscle corresponding to the quantity of CK released was 41 ± 29.3 mg/kg.
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—These results revealed that exercise had a minor effect on CK disposition and that the equivalent amount of muscle damaged by moderate exercise was negligible. This study illustrates the relevance for use of the minimally invasive and quantitative pharmacokinetic approach when estimating muscle damage. (Am J Vet Res 2001;62:1375–1380)
Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effects of an IV, low-dose ketamine-diazepam combination used for short-duration chemical restraint on the results of clinicopathologic testing in cats and to assess its practicality and tolerance.
Design—Prospective case series.
Animals—42 client-owned cats of various breeds, ages, and health status.
Procedures—Blood samples were obtained just prior to and just after IV injection of ketamine chlorhydrate (10 mg) and diazepam (0.5 mg). A CBC, plasma biochemistry panel, and coagulation profile were performed on each sample (ie, before and after chemical restraint). Practicality of the procedure was assessed, and cats were monitored for immediate and delayed effects.
Results—Significant changes were observed for most of the analytes tested. However, the magnitude of the observed changes was notably low and likely not of clinical relevance. The chemical-restraint procedure appeared effective, safe, and well tolerated.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The IV, low-dose ketamine-diazepam combination used for short-duration chemical restraint in the present study may be suitable to assist physical restraint for blood sampling for assessment of hematologic, serum biochemical, and coagulation parameters in cats.