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- Author or Editor: Jasmine Sarvi x
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate and compare the anesthetic effects of alfaxalone-ketamine-midazolam (AKM) and alfaxalone-ketamine-dexmedetomidine (AKD) in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus).
ANIMALS
9 male black-tailed prairie dogs.
PROCEDURES
Prairie dogs were anesthetized with AKM (6 mg/kg alfaxalone, 30 mg/kg ketamine, and 1.5 mg/kg midazolam) and AKD (6 mg/kg alfaxalone, 30 mg/kg ketamine, and 0.15 mg/kg dexmedetomidine) in a prospective, complete cross-over study. Atipamezole (1.5 mg/kg) after AKD or flumazenil (0.1mg/kg) after AKM was administered 45 minutes after induction of anesthesia. Onset of general anesthesia, physiologic parameters, depth of anesthesia, and time to recovery after reversal administration were evaluated for each treatment.
RESULTS
Both AKM and AKD produced a deep plane of anesthesia in black-tailed prairie dogs that varied in duration. The median induction times for AKM and AKD were 82 and 60 seconds, respectively. The median recovery times for AKM and AKD were 27 and 21 minutes, respectively. There were no significant differences between protocols for induction (P = .37) and recovery (P = .51) times. All measured reflexes were absent in all animals at 5 minutes postinduction, with hindlimb reflexes returning prior to forelimb reflexes. Heart rate was lower but respiratory rate was higher in the AKD treatment. Body temperature decreased significantly for both protocols (P < .001) and was significantly lower with AKM than AKD (P < .001).
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Both AKM and AKD produced a deep plane of anesthesia in black-tailed prairie dogs. For both protocols, heat support and oxygen support are indicated.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of a high-concentration buprenorphine formulation after a single SC dose in American flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber).
ANIMALS
6 healthy adult American flamingos (3 males and 3 females).
METHODS
A single dose of high-concentration buprenorphine (1.8 mg/kg) was administered SC to all birds. Blood samples were collected at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after drug administration between October 14 and October 18, 2022. Plasma buprenorphine concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and a noncompartmental analysis was used to determine pharmacokinetic parameters.
RESULTS
Mean ± SD peak plasma drug concentration (Cmax) was 195.1 ± 187.4 ng/mL, the mean time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax) was 0.32 ± 0.31 hours, the mean area under the concentration-vs-time curve from time 0 to the last measured concentration (AUC0–last) was 881.4 ± 205.4 ng/mL, and mean terminal half-life (t1/2) was 12.6 ± 3.86 hours. Mean plasma buprenorphine concentrations were >1 ng/mL for at least 48 hours after drug administration. No clinically significant adverse effects were observed.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
High-concentration buprenorphine dosed at 1.8 mg/kg SC in American flamingos rapidly exceeded plasma drug concentrations reported to have analgesic effects in other avian species and maintained these levels for extended periods. Sedative effects were similar to those reported for other species. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of high-concentration buprenorphine at this dose in American flamingos.