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- Author or Editor: Howard D. Lehmkuhl x
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Abstract
Objective—To detect bovine adenovirus serotype 7 (BAV-7) infections in calves by use of viral isolation and serologic testing.
Animals—205 postweaning calves.
Procedure—121 calves were assembled by an order buyer through auction markets in eastern Tennessee and transported to New Mexico where they were commingled with 84 healthy ranch-reared calves. Tests included viral isolation in cell culture from peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and detection of serum BAV-7 antibodies by use of microtitration viral neutralization.
Results —BAV-7 was isolated from PBL of 8 calves and seroconversion to BAV-7 was detected for 38 of 199 (19.1%) calves. Concurrent bovine viral diarrhea virus infections were detected in most calves from which BAV-7 was isolated.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Results of our study indicate that BAV-7 infections can be found in postweaning commingled calves and may develop more commonly in calves with concurrent infections with viruses such as bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). (Am J Vet Res 2002;63:976–978).
SUMMARY
Colostrum-deprived lambs and CF1 mice were vaccinated with water-in-oil emulsion vaccines containing nonviable whole cells (wc) of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis with and without muramyl dipeptide (mdp). Efficacy of vaccines was determined from the survival of mice and lesions in lambs after IV injection of 104 colony-forming units of C pseudotuberculosis. In mice, protection was related to the concentration of wc in the vaccine. At 50, 100, or 150 μg of wc, protection was good (78.8%). At 10 or 25 μg of wc, protection was considerably less (54.7%). At high wc concentrations, protection could only be moderately increased to 82.3% with high (50 and 100 μg) concentrations of mdp or increased to 90% protection with low (5 and 10 μg) concentrations of mdp. At low wc concentrations, protection significantly decreased to 32% (P < 0.025) with high concentrations of mdp, but significantly increased to 72.5% (P < 0.025) with low concen-trations of mdp. Therefore, the amount of protection with lower concentrations of wc and mdp was comparable with the amount of protection with higher concentrations of wc without mdp.
In lambs, high prechallenge antibody titers (geometric mean titers from 5.1 to 5.4 by day 35) were observed after vaccination with wc. Protection and vaccination site abscesses in lambs were related to the concentration of wc and mdp. Pulmonary or vaccination site abscesses were not observed in 4 of 4 lambs vaccinated with 1 mg of wc + 50 μg of mdp.
Summary
A serologic survey was conducted to determine the prevalence and seroconversion rates for ovine adenovirus (oav) serotypes 1–4 and bovine adenovirus (bav) serotypes 2, 3, and 7 in sheep in Iowa and in surrounding states. For 2 consecutive years, paired serum samples were obtained from 1- to 2-month-old lambs as they entered a ram test station and, again, 2 months later. Sera were tested for adenovirus antibodies by use of a microtitration serum virus-neutralization test. At the time of entry, high prevalence of antibody (titer ≥ 2) was detected to all tested adenoviruses except bav-3. All adenoviruses were active in the ram test station both years, as indicated by ≥ fourfold increase in adenovirus antibody titer (seroconversion) in some of the lambs. The prevalence and seroconversion rate for oav-1 was 94.0 and 7.2%, respectively; for oav-2, 98.6 and 15.1%; for oav-3, 86.5 and 11.0%; for oav-4, 98.4 and 13.2%; for bav-2, 97.6 and 22.4%; for bav-3, 11.4 and 3.8%; and for bav-7, 81.6 and 4.5%. The results indicate that adenovirus infections were widespread in the sheep population and that the prevalence of active infection based on seroconversion rates was approximately 45%.
Summary
Ovine progressive pneumonia (opp) is a lentivirus-induced disease of sheep in the United States that is similar, if not identical, to maedi/visna in many other countries. Prevalence estimates of seropositivity to this virus in sheep in the United States have been confined to limited groups or flocks of sheep and have varied from 1 to 90%. In this study of detection of antibodies against opp virus, we found a lower general prevalence of antibodies to opp virus in sheep than was previously reported. Of 16,827 sheep from 29 states in the United States, 26% were seropositive and 48% of 164 flocks that were tested had 1 or more seropositive sheep. Seropositivity to opp virus for sheep within special categories was determined, although nonrandom samples that were available may have biased the results. Within regions of the United States, prevalence was highest in the Rocky Mountain region at 49% and lowest in the northern Atlantic region at 9%. Seropositive sheep were not evenly distributed among flocks, but were clustered in a few flocks of sheep. A high number of flocks had no or few seropositive sheep. Prevalence increased with age from 4% at < 1 year to a plateau of 34% at 4 years. Seropositivity was variable among breeds and was not associated with sex, wool class, or place of origin of ancestors.
SUMMARY
Ovine progressive pneumonia is caused by a lentivirus of known infectivity only for sheep and goats. Virus susceptibility of 11 other species of animals was examined. Species included cattle, chickens, deer, dogs, goats, hamsters, horses, mice, pigs, rabbits, and rats. Of these species, only goats and rabbits could be experimentally infected with the virus. The infection in rabbits was acute, and virus did not persist or induce antibody production as it does in sheep and goats. Sera obtained from several people working in close contact with the virus and from several wild species, with unknown exposure history, were tested for antibodies to viral antigens. All results were negative. Knowledge of the host range of this virus is important for scientific studies and for virus eradication programs.
Abstract
Objective
To determine the prevalence of antibody to bovine adenovirus (BAdV) serotypes 1-8 and 10 in calves at a farm and after 5 weeks in a feedyard.
Animals
2- to 5-month-old calves of mixed English breeding (n = 100) from 4 farms.
Procedure
Serum BAdV antibody was measured by use of a microtitration test.
Results
Serum antibodies were found to the 9 BAdV serotypes studied. Seroconversion to each virus had occurred in some calves by the time the second serum sample had been obtained, indicating that the BAdV were present and inducing active infection in these calves.
Conclusions
Antibody to BAdV serotypes 1-8 and 10 are present in cattle populations of the United States, indicating existence of these serotypes, although only BAdV serotypes 1-4, 7, and 10 have been isolated. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1579-1580)
Summary
Goats from 28 states were tested for antibodies to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. Of 3,790 goats, 1,175 (31%) tested positive, and of 196 herds tested, 143 (73%) had 1 or more seropositive members. This prevalence, based on serum samples from all goats in the participating herds, was lower than most rates reported in other studies. Such studies were based on fewer samples, incomplete sampling of herds, or smaller geographic base. Prevalence was highest in western Pacific and northern plains regions, increased with age to 3 years, was highest among goats on family-owned farms, and was lowest in the Angora breed. Differences in prevalence were not related to gender or size of herd.