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- Author or Editor: David P. Carter x
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Abstract
Objective
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of avirulent live Salmonella choleraesuis strain 54 (SC54) as a vaccine to protect calves against salmonellosis caused by S dublin.
Animals
40 head of clinically normal 3 to 5-week-old male Holstein calves that were culture negative for Salmonella sp.
Procedure
Calves were randomly assigned to 4 test groups of 10 calves each. Group 1 received 8.5 × 107 colony-forming units (CFU) of SC54 SC. Groups 2 and 3 received 1.13 × 109 CFU of SC54, SC and intranasally, respectively. Group 4 received saline solution as a vaccine control. All calves were challenge exposed orally with 1.74 × 109 CFU of virulent S dublin 14 days after vaccination. Clinical signs and Salmonella shedding were monitored for 28 days after vaccination. Calves were necropsied, and organs were cultured for Salmonella sp 14 days after challenge exposure.
Results
Calves of groups 2 and 3 had slightly high rectal temperature after vaccination. Salmonella dublin challenge exposure resulted in mild clinical signs of salmonellosis. All vaccinated groups had significantly (P< 0.05) lower rectal temperature, fecal shedding of S dublin, and recovery of S dublin from organs after necropsy. SC54 was not recovered from fecal or blood samples collected after vaccination or from injection site samples or organs collected at necropsy.
Conclusions
SC54 given intranasally or SC to calves was safe and significantly (P < 0.05) reduced clinical signs and bacterial shedding after oral challenge exposure with S dublin.
Clinical Relevance
SC54 has potential as an effective vaccine to aid in prevention of salmonellosis caused by S dublin in calves. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58: 265–271)
Abstract
Objective—To determine clinical, radiographic, and scintigraphic abnormalities in and treatment and outcome of horses with trauma-induced osteomyelitis of the proximal aspect of the radius.
Design—Retrospective study.
Animals—5 horses.
Procedure—Data collected from the medical records included signalment; history; horse use; degree of lameness; radiographic, ultrasonographic, and scintigraphic findings; treatment; and outcome.
Results—Duration of lameness prior to referral ranged from 14 to 60 days. Mean severity of lameness was grade 3 of 5, and all horses had a single limb affected. All horses had signs of pain during elbow joint manipulation and digital palpation over the lateral aspect of the proximal end of the radius. Radiographic lesions consisted of periosteal proliferation, osteolysis, and subchondral bone lysis. Scintigraphy in 3 horses revealed intense pharmaceutical uptake diffusely involving the proximal end of the radius. Two horses had sepsis of the elbow joint. All horses were treated with antimicrobials long-term; 1 horse was also treated by local perfusion of the radial medullary cavity through an indwelling cannulated screw. At follow-up, all horses had returned to their previous function.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that osteomyelitis of the proximal end of the radius can result from a traumatic injury to the antebrachium. Because lesions may be an extension of septic arthritis, a thorough examination of the wound area and elbow joint is recommended. Prolonged systemic antimicrobial treatment can result in a successful outcome. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;223:486–491)
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate agreement among diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia for scores determined by use of a simple descriptive scale (SDS) or a composite grading scale (CGS) for quality of recovery of horses from anesthesia and to investigate use of 3-axis accelerometry (3AA) for objective evaluation of recovery.
ANIMALS 12 healthy adult horses.
PROCEDURES Horses were fitted with a 3AA device and then were anesthetized. Eight diplomates evaluated recovery by use of an SDS, and 7 other diplomates evaluated recovery by use of a CGS. Agreement was tested with κ and AC1 statistics for the SDS and an ANOVA for the CGS. A library of mathematical models was used to map 3AA data against CGS scores.
RESULTS Agreement among diplomates using the SDS was slight (κ = 0.19; AC1 = 0.22). The CGS scores differed significantly among diplomates. Best fit of 3AA data against CGS scores yielded the following equation: RS = 9.998 × SG0.633 × ∑UG0.174, where RS is a horse's recovery score determined with 3AA, SG is acceleration of the successful attempt to stand, and ∑UG is the sum of accelerations of unsuccessful attempts to stand.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Subjective scoring of recovery of horses from anesthesia resulted in poor agreement among diplomates. Subjective scoring may lead to differences in conclusions about recovery quality; thus, there is a need for an objective scoring method. The 3AA system removed subjective bias in evaluations of recovery of horses and warrants further study.
