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- Author or Editor: Christopher A. Adin x
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Abstract
Objective—To characterize serologic and clinical features and outcome of dogs with leptospirosis that were treated conservatively (ie, medical management alone) or with hemodialysis.
Design—Retrospective study.
Animals—36 dogs with leptospirosis.
Procedure—History; results of physical examinations, ultrasonography, and serologic, hematologic, and serum biochemical analyses; time to resolution of azotemia; and outcome were obtained from medical records. Dogs were treated conservatively (n = 22) or with hemodialysis (14).
Results—Between 1990 and 1998, amount of rainfall was positively correlated with number of cases of leptospirosis identified per year. Serum antibodies against 6 Leptospira serovars were measured, and titers were highest to Leptospira pomonain 16 (44%) dogs, L bratislava in 9 (25%) dogs, and L hardjo in 1 (3%) dog. Eight (22%) dogs had equally high titers to L pomona and L bratislava, 1 (3%) had equally high titers to L grippotyphosa and L canicola, and 1 (3%) had high titers to L grippotyphosa, L pomona, L canicola, and L bratislava. During initial evaluation, all dogs were azotemic. Thirty (83%) dogs survived, including 12 of 14 (86%) dogs treated with hemodialysis and 18 of 22 (82%) treated conservatively. Serum creatinine concentration was similar in both groups after resolution of clinical signs.
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Infection with L pomona and L bratislava was recognized as a cause of leptospirosis in dogs, and resulted in development of acute renal failure with various degrees of azotemia. Prognosis for dogs with mild to moderate azotemia was good with conservative treatment, whereas treatment with hemodialysis appeared to improve prognosis for dogs with severe azotemia. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;216:371–375)
Abstract
Objective—To evaluate manufacturing variability, diffusion of filling solutions, and maintenance of occlusion over time in 3 sizes of silicone hydraulic occluders (HOs).
Sample Population—2-, 5-, and 20-mm HOs (HO2, HO5, and HO20, respectively).
Procedures—Manufacturing variability was analyzed by comparing variation in internal luminal areas and filling volumes within each size group. Occluders were filled to 100% occlusion with air (n = 4), saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (4), or sodium hyaluronate (4) and submerged in simulated body fluid. Changes in luminal area and weight were recorded for 133 days to evaluate maintenance of occlusion.
Results—Considerable variability in uninflated luminal area and fill volumes was observed among the 3 sizes of HOs. Loss of occlusion developed in the first 12 hours in all air-filled HOs. Fluid-filled occluders were reliable in maintenance of occlusion after 133 days (99.99% for HO20, 99.59% for HO5, and 90.40% for HO2), although diffusion of saline solution and hyaluronate from all HOs was confirmed by detection of significant decreases in weight over time. There was no significant difference in weight loss between HOs filled with saline solution and HOs filled with sodium hyaluronate.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Saline solution or sodium hyaluronate may be used as a filling solution in the HOs tested. Maintenance of occlusion was best in the larger sizes. Saline solution or sodium hyaluronate should be used in future clinical investigations of HOs. Retrograde filling to remove air should be used when filling HOs with fluid.
Abstract
Objective—To describe a percutaneously controlled static hydraulic urethral sphincter (SHUS) and evaluate urodynamic effects of the SHUS in canine cadavers.
Sample Population—Cadavers of 6 adult female dogs.
Procedure—Cadavers were obtained immediately after dogs were euthanatized. Baseline maximal urethral closure pressure (MUCP) and cystourethral leak point pressure (CLPP) were measured by use of a urethral pressure profilometer. An SHUS system was constructed by use of a silicone vascular occluder and subcutaneous infusion port. The SHUS system was then placed around the pelvic urethra in each cadaver. Measurements of MUCP and CLPP were repeated after varying occlusion of the SHUS (0%, 25%, and 50% occlusion). Baseline MUCP and CLPP values were compared with values obtained at 0%, 25%, and 50% occlusion of the SHUS by use of repeatedmeasures ANOVA.
Results—Mean ± SD MUCP for canine cadavers was 7 ± 1.3 cm H2O at baseline, which increased to 127 ± 53 cm H2O after 50% occlusion of the SHUS. Mean CLPP was 11 ± 8.6 cm H2O at baseline, which increased to 73 ± 38 cm H2O after 50% occlusion of the SHUS. Mean MUCP and CLPP were significantly associated with the amount of occlusion.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The SHUS had positive effects on MUCP and CLPP in canine cadavers. Therefore, additional evaluation of the SHUS in live dogs is warranted. ( Am J Vet Res 2004; 65:283–288)
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify factors affecting the diagnostic quality of core needle renal biopsy specimens from dogs with suspected kidney disease.
DESIGN Cross-sectional study.
ANIMALS 522 client-owned dogs with suspected kidney disease for which core needle renal biopsy specimens (n = 1,089) were submitted to the International Veterinary Renal Pathology Service for evaluation and inclusion in their database.
PROCEDURES Data regarding dog signalment, clinical variables, biopsy method, needle brand and gauge, biopsy results, and other variables were extracted from the database. Variables were tested for association with 3 outcomes of light microscopic evaluation of core specimens: number of glomeruli per core specimen, obtainment of < 10 glomeruli, and presence or absence of renal medullary tissue.
RESULTS Number of glomeruli per core specimen was significantly associated with needle gauge, dog age, serum creatinine concentration, and degree of proteinuria, whereas biopsy method and submitting hospital were significantly associated with the presence of renal medullary tissue in specimens. Mean numbers of glomeruli per core specimen obtained with 14- or 16-gauge needles were similar, but both were significantly greater than the mean number obtained with 18-gauge needles. Needle gauge had a similar association with the likelihood of obtaining < 10 glomeruli in a core specimen. Specimens obtained via laparotomy or laparoscopic approaches more commonly contained medullary tissue than those obtained by ultrasound-guided approaches.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Overall, findings suggested that ultrasound-guided biopsy with a 16-gauge needle should maximize the diagnostic quality of renal biopsy specimens from dogs with suspected kidney disease, while avoiding potential adverse effects caused by larger needles.
Abstract
Case Description—A 6-month-old female domestic shorthair cat was admitted for evaluation of intermittent clinical signs of hematuria and inappropriate urination for the past 2 months.
Clinical Findings—Transabdominal ultrasonography revealed a multilayered mass in the urinary bladder apex consistent with full-thickness invagination of the bladder wall.
Treatment and Outcome—Exploratory surgery was performed, and partial inversion of the urinary bladder was confirmed. The invaginated bladder apex was manually reduced, and partial cystectomy was performed to remove the invaginated section of bladder wall. Histologic findings were consistent with vascular congestion and edema secondary to partial invagination. Bacterial culture of a section of the bladder mucosa demonstrated concurrent bacterial urinary tract infection. Clinical signs resolved following surgical resection of the bladder apex and antimicrobial treatment for the concurrent urinary tract infection.
Clinical Relevance—Partial invagination of the urinary bladder should be considered in the differential diagnosis for cats with clinical signs of hematuria, stranguria, and inappropriate urination. A diagnosis may be made on the basis of detection of invaginated tissue in the bladder apex during abdominal ultrasonography.
Abstract
Objective—To evaluate efficacy of a hydraulic occluder (HO) used for treatment of dogs with an intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (IHPSS).
Design—Prospective study.
Animals—10 dogs with an IHPSS.
Procedures—Serum biochemical and postprandial bile acids (PPBA) analyses and transcolonic scintigraphy were performed before surgery. Laparotomy was performed, and an uninflated HO was placed around the portal vein branch leading to the IHPSS. After surgery, 0.9% NaCl solution was injected into subcutaneous injection ports at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks to achieve staged occlusion of the HO. Serum biochemical analyses, PPBA analysis, and scintigraphy were performed 2 weeks after occlusion. Serum biochemical analyses were repeated 1 year after surgery.
Results—Implant revision was required in 3 dogs because of rupture of the HO (n = 2) or detachment of the actuating tubing (1). Serum biochemical values and clinical signs improved in all dogs after surgery. Six of 10 dogs had PPBA concentration within reference range 2 weeks after occlusion, and 2 additional dogs had concentrations within reference range at 1 year. Only 5 of 10 dogs had complete resolution of portosystemic shunting 2 weeks after occlusion. Two dogs were lost to follow-up, and 8 dogs remained alive with no recurrence of clinical signs at a median of 22 months after surgery.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of the HO appeared to be an effective method for surgical treatment for dogs with IHPSS, although problems with implant reliability indicate a need for modifications in design and manufacturing.
