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Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate intradiskal pressure (IDP) in the C6-7 intervertebral disk (IVD) after destabilization and distraction-fusion of the C5-C6 vertebrae.
SAMPLE
7 cadaveric C4-T1 vertebral specimens with no evidence of IVD disease from large-breed dogs.
PROCEDURES
Specimens were mounted in a custom-made 6 degrees of freedom spinal loading simulator so the C5-C6 and C6-C7 segments remained mobile. One specimen remained untreated and was used to assess the repeatability of the IDP measurement protocol. Six specimens underwent 3 sequential configurations (untreated, partial diskectomy of the C5-6 IVD, and distraction-fusion of the C5-C6 vertebrae). Each construct was biomechanically tested under neutral, flexion, extension, and right-lateral bending loads. The IDP was measured with a pressure transducer inserted into the C6-7 IVD and compared between the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus and across all 3 constructs and 4 loads.
RESULTS
Compared with untreated constructs, partial diskectomy and distraction-fusion of C5-C6 decreased the mean ± SD IDP in the C6-7 IVD by 1.3 ± 1.3% and 0.8 ± 1.3%, respectively. During motion, the IDP remained fairly constant in the annulus fibrosus and increased by 3.8 ± 3.0% in the nucleus pulposus. The increase in IDP within the nucleus pulposus was numerically greatest during flexion but did not differ significantly among loading conditions.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Distraction-fusion of C5-C6 did not significantly alter the IDP of healthy C6-7 IVDs. Effects of vertebral distraction-fusion on the IDP of adjacent IVDs with degenerative changes, such as those in dogs with caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy, warrant investigation.
Abstract
Objectives—To determine uptake of β-carotene by ovarian and uterine tissues and influence of dietary β- carotene on steroidogenesis and production of uterine protein during the estrous cycle in cats.
Animals—56 female cats.
Procedure—Cats were fed diets containing 0, 0.4, 2, or 10 mg of β-carotene daily for 8 weeks prior to detection of estrus. At time of observed estrus, all cats were manually induced to ovulate. Blood samples were obtained at estrus and every 2 days until day 14 after ovulation. On that day, cats underment laparotomy, and the ovaries and uterus were removed. Uterine contents were flushed, and luteal and endometrial tissues were obtained.
Results—Concentrations of β-carotene in plasma and luteal and endometrial tissues increased in a dosedependent manner. Concentrations of plasma progesterone were higher between days 6 and 10 after ovulation in cats fed diets containing β-carotene and continued to increase through day 14 after ovulation in cats fed a diet containing 10 mg of β-carotene. Plasma concentration of estradiol-17β also was higher between days 0 and 4 after ovulation in cats fed diets containing β-carotene. Cats fed a diet containing 10 mg of β-carotene had the highest plasma estradiol concentration. Total uterine protein concentration was higher in cats fed β-carotene, compared with values for cats fed an unsupplemented diet.
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Cats readily absorb β-carotene. Increased concentrations of progesterone, estradiol, and uterine protein may provide more optimal ovarian function or a better uterine environment for embryonic survival and development. (Am J Vet Res 2001;62:1063–1067)
OBJECTIVE
To quantify 3-D femorotibial joint kinematics during ambulation in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture treated with lateral fabellotibial suture stabilization (LFTS).
ANIMALS
9 adult dogs (body weight, 15 to 35 kg [33 to 77 lb]) with unilateral complete CCL rupture.
PROCEDURES
Digital 3-D bone models of the femur and fabellae and tibia and fibula were created from CT scans. Lateral fluoroscopic images of stifle joints were collected during treadmill walking before surgery and 6 months after LFTS. The LFTS was performed with nylon leader material secured with knots. Gait cycles were analyzed with a 3-D to 2-D image registration process. Femorotibial joint kinematics (craniocaudal translation, internal-external rotation, and flexion and extension angles) were compared among CCL-deficient stifle joints before LFTS, CCL-deficient stifle joints 6 months after LFTS, and unaffected contralateral (control) stifle joints. Owners and veterinarians subjectively assessed lameness by use of a visual analog scale and gait examination, respectively, at each time point.
RESULTS
At midstance phase, medial cranial tibial translation decreased from 9.3 mm before LFTS to 7.6 mm after LFTS but remained increased when compared with control stifle joint values. Following LFTS, axial rotation and stifle joint flexion and extension angles were not significantly different from control stifle joints. On the owner survey, the median walking lameness score improved from 9.3 of 10 before surgery to 0.3 after surgery. On gait examination, median walking lameness score improved from 2 of 4 before surgery to 0 after surgery.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Stifle joint instability was only slightly mitigated at 6 months following LFTS performed with knotted nylon leader material in medium to large dogs with CCL rupture, despite improvement in lameness.