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- Author or Editor: Anke Langenbach x
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To study ground reaction forces (GRF) and temporospatial parameters for small and medium size dogs using a pressure sensitive walkway (PSW). We hypothesized that, at a given speed, small dogs would have shorter stance time than medium dogs and that dog height (DH) would influence GRF.
ANIMALS
30 healthy, sound dogs were divided into 2 groups, small < 15 kg and medium dog group weighing 15 to 25 kg.
PROCEDURES
GRFs were measured for both groups at walk and trot using PSW. Muscle mass and joint angles were measured. Data were analyzed using SAS version 9.4. Two groups were compared using 2-sample t test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, and Fisher exact test.
RESULTS
GRFs were successfully measured in both dog groups for walk and trot. Medium dogs had larger limb girth, more peak pressure, max force, increased stance, swing time, and larger stride length compared with small dogs. Stance time increased as DH increased at walk and trot (r = 0.854, P < .001; r = 0.876, P < .001). Stance time increased as BW (body weight) increased at walk and trot (r = 0.887, P < .001; r = 0.858 P < .001). Inconclusive data was obtained for stride acceleration and velocity. The handler side did not influence results (P > .05). Range of motion (ROM) did not differ among groups.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Results suggested that PSW is a reliable device for small and medium dogs. At walk and at a trot, GRF are smaller in small dogs compared with medium dogs, suggesting that normal reference data for PSW need to take BW and DH into account.
Abstract
Objective—To determine sensitivity and specificity of physical examination, fine-needle aspiration, and needle core biopsy of the regional lymph nodes for evidence of metastasis in dogs and cats with solid tumors.
Design—Case series.
Animals—37 dogs and 7 cats.
Procedure—Regional lymph nodes were evaluated by means of physical examination (palpation), fineneedle aspiration, and needle core biopsy. Results were compared with results of histologic examination of the entire lymph node, the current standard.
Results—Tumors included 18 sarcomas, 16 carcinomas, 7 mast cell tumors, and 3 other tumors. Carcinomas were more likely to have metastasized to the regional lymph node (7/16 animals) than were sarcomas (2/18). Sensitivity and specificity of physical examination were 60 and 72%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of cytologic examination of fine-needle aspirates were 100 and 96%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of histologic examination of needle core biopsy specimens were 64 and 96%, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that fine-needle aspiration may be a sensitive and specific method of evaluating the regional lymph nodes in dogs and cats with solid tumors, because results correlated well with results of histologic examination of the entire lymph node. Physical examination alone was not a reliable method and should not be used to decide whether to aspirate or biopsy the regional lymph nodes. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;218:1424—1428)
Objective
To determine the relationship between degenerative joint disease (DJD) and passive laxity of the hip joint in a group of cats.
Design
Prospective study.
Animals
A select (nonrandomized) group of 78 cats.
Procedure
Standard hip-extended radiographic views and compression and distraction views of the pelvis were obtained from cats during sedation. Radiographs were evaluated, using an Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA)-like scoring system for dogs. Passive joint laxity was measured, using Norberg angle (NA) and distraction index (DI). Hip laxity in cats with DJD was compared with hip laxity in cats without DJD.
Results
Hip dysplasia (HD) was subjectively diagnosed radiographically in 25 of 78 (32%) cats using the OFA-like scoring system. Nineteen cats had mild HD, 4 had moderate HD, and 2 had severe HD. Fifteen of the 25 cats with HD had DJD. The NA ranged from 56 to 105. The mean NA in cats with DJD was (84°) significantly lower than in cats without DJD (95°). The DI ranged from 0.2 to 0.84. The mean DI for cats with DJD was (0.6) significantly higher than that for cats without DJD (0.49). Cats with a DI < 0.4 did not have DJD. Cats had an increased likelihood of having DJD with increased laxity in the coxofemoral joint, as measured by NA or DI.
Clinical Implications
The mean NA for radiographically normal cats (92.4°) was lower than that in radiographically normal dogs (103°). The overall mean DI for cats in this group (0.51) is similar to dogs of breeds with high joint laxity, such as the Labrador Retriever (0.5). As in dogs, there is a relationship between DJD and laxity in the hip joint of cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:1439-1443)
Objective
To investigate the association between hip dysplasia (HD) and medial patellar luxation (MPL) in cats.
Design
Cross-sectional prevalence study.
Animals
78 cats.
Procedure
A complete history was obtained. Cats were examined to detect MPL and HD. Radiographs of the stifle and hip joints were obtained. Hip joints were evaluated by use of Norberg angle, distraction index, and scoring consistent with that established by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals.
Results
There were 43 male and 35 female cats (mean age, 2.5 years). Eleven cats had clinical signs of disease in the pelvic limbs. Medial subluxation of the patella (subgrade 1) was seen in 31 of 33 cats with otherwise normal stifle joints. Medial patellar luxation was found in 45 of 78 (58%) cats, and 35 of 45 (78%) had grade-1 MPL. Bilateral MPL was seen in 32 of 45 (71%) cats. A weak association existed between MPL and HD, because cats were 3 times more likely to have HD and patellar luxation than to have either condition alone. Concurrent MPL and HD were detected in 19 of 78 (24%) cats, and HD was diagnosed radiographically in 25 of 78 (32%) cats (19 mild, 4 moderate, 2 severe). Eighteen of the 25 cats with HD had bilateral HD.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Clinically normal cats may have a certain degree of laxity in the stifle joint, evident as medial patellar subluxation (< grade 1). There is a weak association between MPL and HD, and both conditions may develop, alone or in combination, more frequently than has been reported. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:40-45)
