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- Author or Editor: Alice L. Green x
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Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella isolates from feedlot cattle.
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Sample Population—263 Salmonella isolates.
Procedures—Fecal samples were collected from the floor of 2 pens in each of 100 feedlots. Two hundred eighty Salmonella isolates were recovered after bacteriologic culture from 38 pens. Of these, 263 isolates were available for antimicrobial susceptibility testing to 16 antimicrobials, using microbroth dilution breakpoint plates.
Results—Less than 5% of isolates were resistant to any of the antimicrobials tested, with the exception of sulfamethoxazole (15; 5.7%) and tetracycline (61; 23.2%). Most isolates (197; 74.9%) were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested, whereas 18 (6.8%) were resistant to 2 or more antimicrobials. The percentage of isolates with resistance to any antimicrobial varied by serotype. The percentage of isolates resistant to various antimicrobials was not related to concurrent use of antimicrobials in the feed.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—With the exception of tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole, resistance of Salmonella isolates to any of the antimicrobials was uncommon. Most isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. Antimicrobial resistance was not related to the presence of antimicrobials in the ration being fed at the time of sample collection. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;221:268–272)
Abstract
Objective
To evaluate 2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods for differentiating cytotoxic and noncytotoxic Pasteurella trehalosi from Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis).
Sample Population
23 isolates of P trehalosi from bighorn sheep in Colorado, including 18 from free-ranging herds and 5 from a captive herd.
Procedure
Using a sequence of the leukotoxin gene region of P haemolytica serotype 1, 7 PCR primers were designed. A PCR amplification was performed on a sample of bacterial cell suspensions from pure cultures of P trehalosi with known in vitro cytotoxic effects. The 2 most promising primer pairs were used in a study of 23 P trehalosi isolates. Results were analyzed for association with cytotoxicity and 3 distinct ribotypes (ECO, ACO, and BCO).
Results
Significant associations were observed between in vitro cytotoxicity and PCR results for coding region, between ribotype ECO classification and PCR results for coding region, and between ribotype ECO classification and PCR results for promoter region. There was a negative association between ribotype ACO classification and PCR results for coding and promoter regions.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
The PCR for the leukotoxin A coding region may be useful in differentiating cytotoxic from noncytotoxic P trehalosi isolates recovered from bighorn sheep. It may be useful for studying epidemiologic features of pasteurellosis in bighorn sheep and for designing vaccines to protect wild sheep against pneumonia caused by P trehalosi and P haemolytica. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:583–588)
Abstract
Objective—To evaluate knowledge, attitudes, and management practices involving antimicrobial use among Tennessee beef producers.
Design—Mail survey.
Sample Population—A population-based, stratified random sample of 3,000 beef producers across the state.
Procedures—Questionnaires were mailed to beef producers. Questions focused on producer practices related to education, biosecurity, veterinary use, and the purchase and use of antimicrobials. Operation types were categorized as either cow-calf only or multiple operation type (MOT). Associations between various factors and antimicrobial use were evaluated by use of multivariable logistic regression, with the outcome variable being any antimicrobial use (injectable or by mouth) in the past year.
Results—Of 3,000 questionnaires mailed, 1,042 (34.7%) were returned. A significantly higher proportion of producers with MOTs reported giving antimicrobials by mouth or by injection than did producers with cow-calf only operations. In addition, higher proportions of producers with MOTs than producers with cow-calf only operations reported treating with macrolides, florfenicol, ceftiofur, and aminoglycosides. In the multivariable analysis, herd size >50 cattle, participation in Beef Quality Assurance or master beef producer certification programs, quarantining of newly purchased animals, use of written instructions for treating disease, and observation of withdrawal times were associated with a higher likelihood of antimicrobial use.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that producers who engaged in more progressive farming practices were also more likely to use antimicrobials. Incorporating training on judicious antimicrobial use into educational programs would likely increase awareness of best management practices regarding antimicrobial use.
Abstract
Objective—To estimate the annual cost of infections attributable to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus to US swine producers.
Design—Economic analysis.
Sample Population—Data on the health and productivity of PRRS-affected and PRRS-unaffected breeding herds and growing-pig populations were collected from a convenience sample of swine farms in the midwestern United States.
Procedure—Health and productivity variables of PRRS-affected and PRRS-unaffected swine farms were analyzed to estimate the impact of PRRS on specific farms. National estimates of PRRS incidence were then used to determine the annual economic impact of PRRS on US swine producers.
Results—PRRS affected breeding herds and growing-pig populations as measured by a decrease in reproductive health, an increase in deaths, and reductions in the rate and efficiency of growth. Total annual economic impact of these effects on US swine producers was estimated at $66.75 million in breeding herds and $493.57 million in growing-pig populations.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—PRRS imposes a substantial financial burden on US swine producers and causes approximately $560.32 million in losses each year. By comparison, prior to eradication, annual losses attributable to classical swine fever (hog cholera) and pseudorabies were estimated at $364.09 million and $36.27 million, respectively (adjusted on the basis of year 2004 dollars). Current PRRS control strategies are not predictably successful; thus, PRRS-associated losses will continue into the future. Research to improve our understanding of ecologic and epidemiologic characteristics of the PRRS virus and technologic advances (vaccines and diagnostic tests) to prevent clinical effects are warranted. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;227:385–392)
Abstract
Objective—To evaluate herd-level risk factors for seropositive status of cattle to 1 or more bluetongue viruses.
Animals—110 herds of cattle in Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota.
Procedure—Blood samples were collected before and after the vector season. Samples were tested for antibodies against bluetongue virus by use of a commercially available competitive ELISA. Factors evaluated included descriptors of geographic location and management practices. Trapping of insect vectors was conducted to evaluate vector status on a subset of 57 operations. A multivariable logistic regression model was constructed to evaluate associations.
Results—For the full data set, altitude and latitude were associated with risk of having seropositive cattle (an increase in altitude was associated with an increase in risk, and a more northerly location was associated with a decrease in risk of a premise having seropositive cattle). Import of cattle from selected states was associated with an increase in risk of having seropositive cattle. From the subset of herds with data on vector trapping, altitude and latitude were associated with risk of having seropositive cattle, similar to that for the full model. However, commingling with cattle from other herds was associated with a decrease in risk of seropositivity.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Findings reported here may be useful in generating additional hypotheses regarding the ecologic characteristics of bluetongue viruses and other vector-borne diseases of livestock. Sentinel surveillance programs are useful for documenting regionalization zones for diseases, which can be beneficial when securing international markets for animals and animal products. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:853–860)
