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Introduction Euthanasia is a common but sometimes problematic procedure in cats. Obtaining venous access in very old or debilitated individuals can be technically difficult and stressful for the patient, client, and professional staff involved

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

through a midline abdominal incision, and tissue samples were obtained from 8 gastrointestinal tract sites within 45 minutes after slaughter or euthanasia. Samples were collected from the antimesenteric side at each location. Tissue samples were collected

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

Summary

Schirmer tear test (stt), intraocular pressure (iop) measurement, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and indirect ophthalmoscopy were performed on 8 dogs with 131I-induced hypothyroidism and 4 euthyroid control dogs at weeks 0, 9, 13, 17, immediately prior to treatment with levothyroxine, after 5 weeks of levothyroxine administration (0.022 mg/kg of body weight, po, q 12 h), and at euthanasia 7 weeks after discontinuation of replacement therapy. Although the control group had higher baseline stt values than the hypothyroid group after randomization of dogs into the 2 groups (P < 0.01), stt values remained unchanged from their respective baseline values at all time intervals for both groups. Hypothyroid and control dogs had significant (P < 0.05) reduction in iop from baseline values at all subsequent time points, but differences were not observed when hypothroid dogs were compared with controls. Goblet cell indices determined from biopsy samples of the inferiornasal conjunctival fornix obtained before induction of hypothyroidism (baseline), immediately prior to and at conclusion of levothyroxine therapy, and at euthanasia were not significantly different when values for hypothyroid dogs were compared with their own baseline values or with values for control dogs. Histologic examination of the globes and adnexa at euthanasia also failed to indicate consistent qualitative differences between hypothyroid and control dogs. Marked reduction in serum thyroid hormone concentrations had little effect on the eye and ocular adnexa over the course of the study.

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

Abstract

Objectives

To study the effect of flunixin meglumine on short circuit current (Isc) in equine right ventral colon in vitro.

Samples

Intestinal mucosa from healthy horses and ponies.

Procedure

Isc was measured in mucosa from the right ventral colon mounted in Ussing chambers. In experiment 1, collection and incubation solutions were: control (no additions): flunixin meglumine, 4 μg/ml; indomethacin, 10-6 M; and flunixin meglumine (4 μg/ml) with 10-6 M prostaglandin E2. In experiment 2, incubation conditions were: control (plain Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate [KRB] solution); flunixin meglumine, 4 μg/ml in KRB; chloride-free buffer solution; flunixin meglumine (4 μg/ml) in a chloride-free buffer solution; and plain KRB with 10-6 M prostaglandin E2. In experiment 3, tissue from 3 groups (n = 6 each) of animals: controls, physiologic saline solution given IV at 10 minutes before euthanasia; flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg of body weight, IV) given at 10 minutes before euthanasia; and treatment similar to controls, except that tissues were incubated with 8 μg of flunixin meglumine/ml of bathing medium.

Results

Flunixin meglumine and indomethacin reduced Isc to approximately a third of control current (P < 0.05), but coincubation with flunixin meglumine and 10-6 M prostaglandin E2 restored Isc close to the control value. Incubation with 10-6 M prostaglandin E2 alone did not change Isc. When chloride was substituted with isethionate, flunixin meglumine had no effect on Isc. Flunixin meglumine given before euthanasia or included at a concentration of 8 μg/ml in all tissue preparation and incubation solutions reduced Isc (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Flunixin meglumine given IV or added to bathing solutions decreased Isc in equine right ventral colon by a mechanism that appeared to involve prostaglandin-mediated chloride secretion.

Clinical Relevance

Our results suggest that flunixin meglumine given IV to horses at recommended doses could alter putative effects of colonic prostaglandins. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:915–919)

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

Summary

Twenty newborn Holstein calves were allotted at random to 4 groups: group A received 0.9% sterile saline solution; group B received phenylbutazone (5 mg/kg of body weight, iv) and 0.9% sterile saline solution; group C received progressively increasing doses of endotoxin (0.1 to 15 μg/kg); and group D received phenylbutazone and endotoxin similarly as did calves of groups B and C, respectively. Phenylbutazone was given once daily and saline solution or endotoxin were given every 8 hours for 5 days. Clinical variables—pcv, plasma total protein and fibrinogen concentrations, platelet count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and fibrin degradation products concentration were measured at 24-hour intervals. Necropsy was performed on each calf.

Phenylbutazone suppressed the clinical response to endotoxin challenge until large doses (7.5 to 15 μg/kg) were administered. Calves of groups C and D remained stable until they abruptly developed severe dyspnea necessitating euthanasia. Thrombocytopenia and leukopenia developed after the initial endotoxin dose. Prothrombin time was prolonged and pcv suddenly decreased at 96 hours. Necropsy revealed consistent lesions in the vascular endothelium and lungs. Phenylbutazone administration did not enhance or ameliorate endotoxin-induced hemostatic alterations or pathologic lesions.

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

SUMMARY

Results of studies in human beings and other species have indicated that aging significantly influences the strength, modulus of elasticity, and energy storage ability of tendon. We wanted to determine the effects of aging on the material and ultrasonographic properties of equine superficial digital flexor (sdf) tendon. Ultrasonographic measurements of left forelimb sdf tendon cross-sectional area and mean echogenicity were made in 23 standing horses ranging in age from 2 to 23 years. All horses had not been in work for a minimum of 6 months prior to the study. After euthanasia, left forelimb bone-muscle-tendon-bone specimens were mounted in a materials testing system. The sdf tendon was cyclically loaded sinusoidally 100 times at 0.5 Hz from 1.5 to 5.0% strain, then was submitted to 10-minute creep-and-stress relaxation tests. Modulus of elasticity, load at 3% strain, and creep-and-stress relaxation were determined for each specimen. A significant positive correlation was found between elastic modulus and age. Correlation was not found between age and sdf tendon cross-sectional area or mean echogenicity. When 2-year-old horses were compared with older horses, the latter had tendons with a significantly (P = 0.007) greater modulus of elasticity. The authors conclude that increasing age through maturity is associated with a corresponding increase in equine sdf tendon elastic modulus.

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

. Euthanasia was performed by administration of a commercial euthanasia solution (10 mL/kg, IV). Data analysis Peak and mean serum creatinine and BUN concentrations were determined for each treatment group each day after surgery. Longitudinal and in

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

stomach was isolated, harvested, and washed in Krebs solution. Euthanasia of each dog had been scheduled for reasons unrelated to the study, and euthanasia was then immediately performed with an IV overdose injection of sodium pentothal. The tissue was

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

administration of sodium pentobarbital (120 mg/kg). Dogs were scheduled for euthanasia because of positive results of heartworm antigen tests following a terminal surgical exercises laboratory that did not involve the urinary tract. All procedures were approved

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

markedly decreased Max:EC 50 . Discussion Laminitis is a common cause for euthanasia of horses primarily because the precise sequence of events involved in the pathogenesis of the disease remain obscure. However, it is generally accepted that the

Full access
in American Journal of Veterinary Research