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physical and neurologic examinations performed prior to euthanasia were considered normal. The 12th dog was obtained after euthanasia, but it did not have a clinical history of neurologic disease. Dogs were euthanatized for purposes unrelated to this study
were euthanized. Horses with obvious pathological conditions of the ligaments on gross examination were excluded from the study. Data on history, breed, and reason for euthanasia were obtained from each horse's clinical record. All data collection and
females. Dogs were between 1.0 and 6.5 years old at the time of euthanasia and weighed between 17.3 and 31.3 kg. All cadavers were collected within 1 hour after euthanasia, and the cervical portion of the vertebral column from C4 through C7 was removed
musculoskeletal system of MWDs during work. Hip dysplasia and secondary osteoarthritis have been reported 1 as the most common reason for euthanasia or departure from active service in MWDs. 1 Dogs with radiographic evidence of HD typically are not selected for
pentobarbital sodium solution for reasons unrelated to the present study. Euthanasia of the dogs was performed following the Guidelines for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University (approval Nos. 11-80 and 11
-breed adult dogs immediately following euthanasia by IV administration of a commercial euthanasia solution (Beuthanasia-D solution; Merck) for reasons unrelated to this study. All dogs were euthanized for reasons unrelated to musculoskeletal disease states on
composite bones at a power of 0.8. Sample collection —Forelimbs of 13 adult dogs weighing > 30 kg were collected after euthanasia. The dogs were euthanatized at a local animal shelter as part of population control programs. Age, breed, sex, and method of
were also excluded from the study if they had been administered any medications within 6 weeks prior to study recruitment. Following euthanasia, the gastrointestinal tract of each dog was rigorously inspected and rejected if gross abnormalities were
our study did not include euthanasia of horses to obtain such data. The effect of the season (eg, cold and dry weather vs humid and warm weather) on hoof shape has been reported. 37,38 However, there are few reports 39–41 on the effect of exercise
and were euthanized by IV administration of pentobarbital at the end of the laboratory. Use of the dogs in the surgical laboratory and the procedures for euthanasia and sample collection were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Nippon