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unknown what effect common equine fluid media had on different knots of large-gauge suture. Surgeon's, square, and Aberdeen knots tied with large-gauge suture exposured to various fluids (eg, equine serum, equine fat, saline [0.9% NaCl] solution, and

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

transfixation pin tap, a prototype tapered transfixation pin tap (the original tap used in the Adams et al 8 study), and a standard cylindrical transfixation pin tap during both hand and power tapping of third metacarpal bones from equine cadavers. We

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

results in a hole that is 0.1 mm smaller than the core diameter of a pin to optimize the amount of radial preload and initial pin stability. 18–20 Investigators have evaluated thermal and mechanical effects of drilling standard cylindrical holes in equine

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

Abstract

Laparoscopy was performed on 6 horses (2 mares, 2 geldings, 2 stallions) to determine the normal laparoscopic anatomy of the equine abdomen. After withholding feed for 36 hours, horses were examined from the left and right paralumbar fossae, and the visceral anatomic structures were recorded by videotape and photography. One mare developed emphysema located subcutaneously at the primary laparoscopic portal; otherwise, there were no complications. The anatomic structures of diagnostic importance that were observed in the left half of the abdomen were the hepatic duct; left lateral and quadrate lobes of the liver; stomach; spleen; left kidney with the associated nephrosplenic ligament; segments of jejunum, descending colon, and ascending colon; left side of the male and female reproductive tracts; urinary bladder; vaginal ring; and mesorchium. Important structures observed in the right side of the abdomen were portions of the common hepatic duct; left lateral, quadrate, and right lobes of the liver; caudate process of the liver; stomach; duodenum; right dorsal colon, epiploic foramen; omental bursa; right kidney; base of the cecum; segments of jejunum, descending colon, and ascending colon; urinary bladder; right half of the male and female reproductive tracts; and rectum.

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

obstruction 9 and can cause mural inflammation in horses in research settings. 2,4,10 Intestinal inflammation, evident as neutrophilic infiltration, has been identified in equine jejunum 18 hours after experimentally induced ischemia and intestinal

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

SUMMARY

We evaluated the single-cycle structural properties for axial compression, torsion, and 4-point bending with a central load applied to the caudal or lateral surface of a diaphyseal segment from the normal adult equine humerus, radius, third metacarpal bone, femur, tibia, and third metatarsal bone. Stiffness values were determined from load-deformation curves for each bone and test mode. Compressive stiffness ranged from a low of 2,690 N/mm for the humerus to a high of 5,670 N/mm for the femur. Torsional stiffness ranged from 558 N · m/rad for the third metacarpal bone to 2,080 N · m/rad for the femur. Nondestructive 4-point bending stiffness ranged from 3,540 N · m/rad for the radius to 11,500 N · m/rad for the third metatarsal bone. For the humerus, radius, and tibia, there was no significant difference in stiffness between having the central load applied to the caudal or lateral surface. For the third metacarpal and metatarsal bones, stiffness was significantly (P < 0.05) greater with the central load applied to the lateral surface than the palmar or plantar surface. For the femur, bones were significantly (P < 0.05) stiffer with the central load applied to the caudal surface than the lateral surface. Four-point bending to failure load-deformation curves had a bilinear pattern in some instances, consisting of a linear region at lower bending moments that corresponded to stiffness values from the nondestructive tests and a second linear region at higher bending moments that had greater stiffness values. Stiffness values from the second linear region ranged from 4,420 N · m/rad for the humerus to 13,000 N · m/rad for the third metatarsal bone. Differences in stiffness between nondestructive tests and the second linear region of destructive tests were significant (P < 0.05) for the radius, third metacarpal bone, and third metatarsal bone. Difference between stiffness values of paired left and right bones was not detected for any test. Four-point bending ultimate failure bending moments ranged from 260 N · m for the femur to 940 N · m for the third metatarsal bone. There was no difference in failure bending moment between the directions of applied central load for a given bone.

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

objectives of the study reported here were to compare laryngeal impedance, in terms of air flow and pressure, following COR versus 3 other airway interventions (LLP, LLPCOR, and PA) performed on cadaveric equine larynges with simulated left RLN and to

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

to create a modified laryngoplasty construct in an equine cadaver larynx. A—Image of the left side of a specimen with the 2.7-mm drill bit positioned before drilling through the muscular process and base of the muscular process of the arytenoid

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

clinical application of allogeneic bone screws and bone pins for the repair of fractures in equine PSBs and to compare the tensile strength of such repairs with the strength of surgical repairs accomplished via an established method (ie, internal fixation

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research

Abstract

Objectives

To use lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to create synovitis in the midcarpal joint of ponies, and to assess the morphologic, histochemical, and immunohistochemical effects of synovitis on articular cartilage of the third carpal bone.

Animals

2- to 3-year-old ponies, 6 control (group 1) and 6 treated (group 2).

Procedure

Synovitis was induced in 1 midcarpal joint of group-2 ponies by intra-articular injections of LPS (0.02 μg/kg of body weight), morphine (0.1 mg/kg), and saline solution (group 2a) and morphine and saline solution alone in the contralateral midcarpal joint (group 2b). Articular cartilage sections and attached synovial membrane from the third carpal bones were examined by immunohistochemical distribution of interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, TNF receptors (P55, P75) and 3-B-3(–) epitopes, and by localization of proteoglycans (metachromatic staining). Proteoglycan extracts were assessed by metachromatic staining or western blotting and immunohistochemical staining, using anti-3-B-3 antibodies.

Results

Enhanced immunoreactivity for the cytokines and receptors was found in inflamed synovial membrane and noncalcified cartilage (group 2a more than 2b). Metachromasia of the noncalcified cartilage was greater in group-1 than in group-2a and group-2b specimens. In group 2a, chondrocyte hypertrophy and enhanced immunoreactivity for 3-B-3(–) epitope in areas of increased cytokine immunoreactivity suggested possible phenotypic change of the chondrocytes in response to synovitis. Immunohistochemical analysis by western blotting of proteoglycan extracts indicated strong 3-B-3(–) epitope immunolocalization in group-2a, weaker staining in group-2b, and barely detectable stain in group-1 specimens, which correlated with in situ immunolocalization.

Conclusions

Intra-articular administration of LPS may be used to induce a synovial environment conducive to increased immunoreactivity of interleukin 1β, TNF-α, and its receptors in equine synovial membrane and articular cartilage. These cytokines may be involved in the early phenotypic change of chondrocytes that is believed to occur in osteoarthritis and is characterized in this study by enhanced 3-B-3(–) epitope immunoreactivity and chondrocyte hypertrophy. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1080–1093)

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in American Journal of Veterinary Research