Schwarzwald CC, Kedo M, Birkmann K, Hamlin RL. Relationship of heart rate and electrocardiographic time intervals to body mass in horses and ponies. J Vet Cardiol. 2012;14(2):343–350.
Marlin D, Nankervis K. Equine Exercise Physiology. Wiley-Blackwell; 2002.
Frick L, Schwarzwald CC, Mitchell KJ. The use of heart rate variability analysis to detect arrhythmias in horses undergoing a standard treadmill exercise test. J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33(1):212–224.
Flethøj M, Kanters JK, Pedersen PJ, et al. Appropriate threshold levels of cardiac beat-to-beat variation in semi-automatic analysis of equine ECG recordings. BMC Vet Res. 2016;12(1):266. doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0894-2
Bosnic L, Rapic S. Two further cases of Adams-Stokes syndrome in horses. Vet Arh. 1941;11:166–179.
Smetzer DL, Senta T, Smith CR, Cromer DB. High-grade second-degree atrioventricular block in a horse. Am J Vet Res. 1969;30(3):337–343.
Whitton DL, Trim CM. Use of dopamine hydrochloride during general anesthesia in the treatment of advanced atrioventricular heart block in four foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1985;187(12):1357–1361.
Cornick JL, Seahorn TL. Cardiac arrhythmias identified in horses with duodenitis/proximal jejunitis: six cases (1985–1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1990;197(8):1054–1059.
Keen J-A. Pathological atrioventricular block in the horse: 6 cases including 2 treated with pacemaker implantation. In: Proceedings of the 2011 Autumn Meeting of the Veterinary Cardiovascular Society. Veterinary Cardiovascular Society; 2011:59–60.
Marolf V, Mirra A, Fouché N, Navas de Solis C. Advanced atrio-ventricular blocks in a foal undergoing surgical bladder repair: first step to cardiac arrest? Front Vet Sci. 2018;5:96. doi:10.3389/fvets.2018.00096
van Loon G. Suspected intra-hisian (infranodal atrioventricular) block in an 8 year old jumping horse. In: Proceedings of the 2019 Autumn Meeting of the Veterinary Cardiovascular Society; 2019:89.
Mitchell K. ECG Interpretation in Equine Practice. Cabi; 2020.
Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Barrett C, et al. 2018 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline on the evaluation and management of patients with bradycardia and cardiac conduction delay: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society (Erratum in J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74[7]:1016–1018). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(7):e51–e156.
Bonagura JD, Miller MS. Common conduction disturbances. J Equine Vet Sci. 1986;6(1):23–25.
Van Der Vekens N, Verheyen T, Decloedt A, et al. Atrioventricular block in horses is not always that innocent: three case reports. In: Proceedings of the 40ièmes Journées Annuelles de l’Association Vétérinaire Equine Française. Association Vétérinaire Equine Française; 2012.
Sierra-Rodriguez T, Groover ES, Winter RL, Zetterström S, Caldwell F. ECG of the Month. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2020;257(5):489–491.
Barra SN, Providência R, Paiva L, Nascimento J, Marques AL. A review on advanced atrioventricular block in young or middle-aged adults. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2012;35(11):1395–1405.
Barold SS, Hayes DL. Second-degree atrioventricular block: a reappraisal. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001;76(1):44–57.
Liu T, Shehata M, Wang X. Paradoxical ventriculophasic sinus arrhythmia during 2:1 atrioventricular block. J Cardiol Cases. 2010;3(1):e37–e39. doi:10.1016/j.jccase.2010.08.005
Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Barrett C, et al. 2018 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline on the evaluation and management of patients with bradycardia and cardiac conduction delay: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society (Erratum in Circulation. 2019;140[8]:e506–e508). Circulation. 2019;140(8):e382–e482. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000628
van Loon G, Fonteyne W, Rottiers H, et al. Dual-chamber pacemaker implantation via the cephalic vein in healthy equids. J Vet Intern Med. 2001;15(6):564–571.
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Schwarzwald CC, Kedo M, Birkmann K, Hamlin RL. Relationship of heart rate and electrocardiographic time intervals to body mass in horses and ponies. J Vet Cardiol. 2012;14(2):343–350.
Marlin D, Nankervis K. Equine Exercise Physiology. Wiley-Blackwell; 2002.
Frick L, Schwarzwald CC, Mitchell KJ. The use of heart rate variability analysis to detect arrhythmias in horses undergoing a standard treadmill exercise test. J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33(1):212–224.
Flethøj M, Kanters JK, Pedersen PJ, et al. Appropriate threshold levels of cardiac beat-to-beat variation in semi-automatic analysis of equine ECG recordings. BMC Vet Res. 2016;12(1):266. doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0894-2
Bosnic L, Rapic S. Two further cases of Adams-Stokes syndrome in horses. Vet Arh. 1941;11:166–179.
Smetzer DL, Senta T, Smith CR, Cromer DB. High-grade second-degree atrioventricular block in a horse. Am J Vet Res. 1969;30(3):337–343.
Whitton DL, Trim CM. Use of dopamine hydrochloride during general anesthesia in the treatment of advanced atrioventricular heart block in four foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1985;187(12):1357–1361.
Cornick JL, Seahorn TL. Cardiac arrhythmias identified in horses with duodenitis/proximal jejunitis: six cases (1985–1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1990;197(8):1054–1059.
Keen J-A. Pathological atrioventricular block in the horse: 6 cases including 2 treated with pacemaker implantation. In: Proceedings of the 2011 Autumn Meeting of the Veterinary Cardiovascular Society. Veterinary Cardiovascular Society; 2011:59–60.
Marolf V, Mirra A, Fouché N, Navas de Solis C. Advanced atrio-ventricular blocks in a foal undergoing surgical bladder repair: first step to cardiac arrest? Front Vet Sci. 2018;5:96. doi:10.3389/fvets.2018.00096
van Loon G. Suspected intra-hisian (infranodal atrioventricular) block in an 8 year old jumping horse. In: Proceedings of the 2019 Autumn Meeting of the Veterinary Cardiovascular Society; 2019:89.
Mitchell K. ECG Interpretation in Equine Practice. Cabi; 2020.
Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Barrett C, et al. 2018 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline on the evaluation and management of patients with bradycardia and cardiac conduction delay: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society (Erratum in J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74[7]:1016–1018). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(7):e51–e156.
Bonagura JD, Miller MS. Common conduction disturbances. J Equine Vet Sci. 1986;6(1):23–25.
Van Der Vekens N, Verheyen T, Decloedt A, et al. Atrioventricular block in horses is not always that innocent: three case reports. In: Proceedings of the 40ièmes Journées Annuelles de l’Association Vétérinaire Equine Française. Association Vétérinaire Equine Française; 2012.
Sierra-Rodriguez T, Groover ES, Winter RL, Zetterström S, Caldwell F. ECG of the Month. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2020;257(5):489–491.
Barra SN, Providência R, Paiva L, Nascimento J, Marques AL. A review on advanced atrioventricular block in young or middle-aged adults. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2012;35(11):1395–1405.
Barold SS, Hayes DL. Second-degree atrioventricular block: a reappraisal. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001;76(1):44–57.
Liu T, Shehata M, Wang X. Paradoxical ventriculophasic sinus arrhythmia during 2:1 atrioventricular block. J Cardiol Cases. 2010;3(1):e37–e39. doi:10.1016/j.jccase.2010.08.005
Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Barrett C, et al. 2018 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline on the evaluation and management of patients with bradycardia and cardiac conduction delay: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society (Erratum in Circulation. 2019;140[8]:e506–e508). Circulation. 2019;140(8):e382–e482. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000628
van Loon G, Fonteyne W, Rottiers H, et al. Dual-chamber pacemaker implantation via the cephalic vein in healthy equids. J Vet Intern Med. 2001;15(6):564–571.
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