Advertisement
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Kearsley-Fleet L, O’Neill DG, Volk HA, Church DB, Brodbelt DC. Prevalence and risk factors for canine epilepsy of unknown origin in the UK. Vet Rec. 2013;172(13):338.
-
2.
Heske L, Nødtvedt A, Jäderlund KH, Berendt M, Egenvall A. A cohort study of epilepsy among 665,000 insured dogs: incidence, mortality and survival after diagnosis. Vet J. 2014;202(3):471–476.
-
3.
Berendt M, Farquhar RG, Mandigers PJJ, et al. International veterinary epilepsy task force consensus report on epilepsy definition, classification and terminology in companion animals. BMC Vet Res. 2015;11:182. doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0461-2
-
4.
Lee BI, Heo K, Kim JS, et al. Syndromic diagnosis at the epilepsy clinic: role of MRI in lobar epilepsies. Epilepsia. 2002;43(5):496–504.
-
5.
De Risio L, Bhatti S, Muñana K, et al. International veterinary epilepsy task force consensus proposal: diagnostic approach to epilepsy in dogs. BMC Vet Res. 2015;11:148. doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0462-1
-
6.
Rusbridge C, Long S, Jovanovik J, et al. International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force recommendations for a veterinary epilepsy-specific MRI protocol. BMC Vet Res. 2015;11:194. doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0466-x
-
7.
Grillo E. Postictal MRI abnormalities and seizure-induced brain injury: notions to be challenged. Epilepsy Behav. 2015;44:195–199.
-
8.
Briellmann RS, Wellard RM, Jackson GD. Seizure-associated abnormalities in epilepsy: evidence from MR imaging. Epilepsia. 2005;46(5):760–766.
-
9.
Milligan TA, Zamani A, Bromfield E. Frequency and patterns of MRI abnormalities due to status epilepticus. Seizure. 2009;18(2):104–108.
-
10.
Cianfoni A, Caulo M, Cerase A, et al. Seizure-induced brain lesions: a wide spectrum of variably reversible MRI abnormalities. Eur J Radiol. 2013;82(11):1964–1972.
-
11.
Giovannini G, Kuchukhidze G, McCoy MR, Meletti S, Trinka E. Neuroimaging alterations related to status epilepticus in an adult population: definition of MRI findings and clinical-EEG correlation. Epilepsia. 2018;59(suppl 2):120–127.
-
12.
Chatzikonstantinou A, Gass A, Förster A, Hennerici MG, Szabo K. Features of acute DWI abnormalities related to status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res. 2011;97(1-2):45–51.
-
13.
Yaffe K, Ferriero D, Barkovich AJ, Rowley H. Reversible MRI abnormalities following seizures. Neurology. 1995;45(1):104–108.
-
14.
Rao TH, Libman RB, Patel M. Seizures and ‘disappearing’ brain lesions. Seizure. 1995;4(1):61–65.
-
15.
Silverstein AM, Alexander JA. Acute postictal cerebral imaging. Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19(8):1485–1488.
-
16.
Mendes A, Sampaio L. Brain magnetic resonance in status epilepticus: a focused review. Seizure. 2016;38:63–67.
-
17.
Kim SE, Lee BE, Shin KJ, et al. Characteristics of seizure-induced signal changes on MRI in patients with first seizures. Seizure. 2017;48:62–68.
-
18.
Goyal MK, Sinha S, Ravishankar S, Shivshankar JJ. Peri-ictal signal changes in seven patients with status epilepticus: interesting MRI observations. Neuroradiology. 2009;51(3):151–161.
-
19.
Requena M, Sarria-Estrada S, Santamarina E, et al. Peri-ictal magnetic resonance imaging in status epilepticus: temporal relationship and prognostic value in 60 patients. Seizure. 2019;71:289–294.
-
20.
Mellema LM, Koblik PD, Kortz GD, LeCouteur RA, Chechowitz MA, Dickinson PJ. Reversible magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in dogs following seizures. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 1999;40(6):588–595.
-
21.
Viitmaa R, Cizinauskas S, Bergamasco LA, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in Finnish Spitz dogs with focal epilepsy. J Vet Intern Med. 2006;20(2):305–310.
-
22.
Nagendran A, McConnell F, De Risio LR, et al. Peri-ictal magnetic resonance imaging characteristics in dogs with suspected idiopathic epilepsy. J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35(2):1008–1017.
-
23.
Carletti B, Oliveira M, Wessmann A. Peri-ictal MRI abnormalities in the hippocampus and cingulate gyri in five dogs with epileptic seizures. J Vet Intern Med. 2020;34(6):3048. 32nd ESVN-ECVN Symposium abstract P106.
-
24.
Kim JA, Chung JI, Yoon PH, et al. Transient MR signal changes in patients with generalized tonicoclonic seizure or status epilepticus: periictal diffusion-weighted imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22(6):1149–1160.
-
25.
Cole AJ. Status epilepticus and periictal imaging. Epilepsia. 2004;45(suppl 4):72–77.
-
26.
Williams JA, Bede P, Doherty CP. An exploration of the spectrum of peri-ictal MRI change; a comprehensive literature review. Seizure. 2017;50:19–32.
-
27.
Hecht S, Adams W. MRI of brain disease in veterinary patients part 1: basic principles and congenital brain disorders. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2010;40(1):21–38.
-
28.
McNamara JO. Cellular and molecular basis of epilepsy. J Neurosci. 1994;14(6):3413–3425.
-
29.
Hicdonmez T, Utku U, Turgut N, Cobanoglu S, Birgili B. Reversible postictal MRI change mimicking structural lesion. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2003;105(4):288–290.
-
30.
Wolff CA, Holmes SP, Young BD, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging for the differentiation of neoplastic, inflammatory, and cerebrovascular brain disease in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2012;26(3):589–597.
-
31.
Cervera V, Mai W, Vite CH, Johnson V, Dayrell-Hart B, Seiler GS. Comparative magnetic resonance imaging findings between gliomas and presumed cerebrovascular accidents in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2011;52(1):33–40.
-
32.
Sharma P, Eesa M, Scott JN. Toxic and acquired metabolic encephalopathies: MRI appearance. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193(3):879–886.
-
33.
Chan S, Chin S, Kartha K, et al. Reversible signal abnormalities in the hippocampus and neocortex after prolonged seizures. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1996;17(9):1725–1731.
-
34.
Fountain NB. Cellular damage and the neuropathology of status epilepticus. In: Drislane FW, ed. Current Clinical Neurology: Status Epilepticus: A Clinical Perspective. Humana Press; 2005:181–193
-
35.
Pakozdy A, Halasz P, Klang A, et al. Suspected limbic encephalitis and seizure in cats associated with voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC) complex antibody. J Vet Intern Med. 2013;27(1):212–214.
-
36.
Marioni-Henry K, Monteiro R, Behr S. Complex partial orofacial seizures in English cats. Vet Rec. 2012;170(18):471.
-
37.
Fors S, Van Meervenne S, Jeserevics J, Rakauskas M, Cizinauskas S. Feline hippocampal and piriform lobe necrosis as a consequence of severe cluster seizures in two cats in Finland. Acta Vet Scand. 2015;57(1):41. doi:10.1186/s13028-015-0127-x
-
38.
Cartagena AM, Young GB, Lee DH, Mirsattari SM. Reversible and irreversible cranial MRI findings associated with status epilepticus. Epilepsy Behav. 2014;33:24–30.
-
39.
Scott RC, Gadian DG, King MD, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging findings within 5 days of status epilepticus in childhood. Brain. 2002;125(pt 9):1951–1959.
-
40.
Szabo K, Poepel A, Pohlmann-Eden B, et al. Diffusion-weighted and perfusion MRI demonstrates parenchymal changes in complex partial SE. Brain. 2005;128(pt 6):1369–1376.
-
41.
Raghavendra S, Ashalatha R, Krishnamoorthy T, Kesavadas C, Thomas SV, K Radhakrishnan. Reversible periictal MRI abnormalities: clinical correlates and long-term outcome in 12 patients. Epilepsy Res. 2007;73(1):129–136.
-
42.
Huang YC, Weng HH, Tsai YT, et al. Periictal magnetic resonance imaging in status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res. 2009;86(1):72–81.
-
43.
Di Bonaventura C, Bonini F, Fattouch J, et al. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in patients with partial status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2009;50(suppl 1):45–52.
-
44.
Nakae Y, Kudo Y, Yamamoto R, et al. Relationship between cortex and pulvinar abnormalities on diffusion-weighted imaging in status epilepticus. J Neurol. 2016;263(1):127–132.
Advertisement
Prevalence, distribution, and clinical associations of suspected postictal changes on brain magnetic resonance imaging in epileptic dogs
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To determine the prevalence of presumed postictal changes (PC) on brain MRI in epileptic dogs, describe their distribution, and recognize possible correlations with different epilepsy features.
ANIMALS
540 client-owned dogs with epilepsy and a complete medical record that underwent brain MRI at 4 veterinary referral hospitals between 2016 and 2019.
PROCEDURES
Data were collected regarding signalment, seizure type, seizure severity, time between last seizure and MRI, and etiological classification of epilepsy. Postictal changes were considered when solitary or multiple intraparenchymal hyperintense lesions were observed on T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images and were hypointense or isointense on T1-weighted sequences, which were not confined to a vascular territory and showed no to mild mass effect and no to mild contrast enhancement.
RESULTS
Sixty-seven dogs (12.4%) showed MRI features consistent with PC. The most common brain sites affected were the piriform lobe, hippocampus, temporal neocortex, and cingulate gyrus. Dogs having suffered cluster seizures or status epilepticus were associated with a higher probability of occurrence of PC, compared to dogs with self-limiting seizures (OR 2.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.33 to 4.30). Suspected PC were detected both in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and in those with structural epilepsy. Dogs with unknown-origin epilepsy were more likely to have presumed PC than were dogs with structural (OR 0.15; 95% confidence interval, 0.06 to 0.33) or idiopathic epilepsy (OR 0.42; 95% confidence interval, 0.20 to 0.87). Time between last seizure and MRI was significantly shorter in dogs with PC.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
MRI lesions consistent with PC were common in epileptic dogs, and the brain distribution of these lesions varied. Occurrence of cluster seizures or status epilepticus, diagnosis of unknown origin epilepsy, and lower time from last seizure to MRI are predictors of suspected PC.
Contributor Notes
Powered by PubFactory