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- Introduction
- FDA-Approved Medications Labeled for Use in Honey bees
- FDA Classifications of Drugs and Medicated Feeds
- Distribution of Antimicrobials for Use in Apiaries
- More on the VFD
- Pesticide Use in Honey Bees
- Drug Residues, Tolerances, and Testing
- Honey Super Withholding Period
- Annual Beekeeping Cycle
- Bee Husbandry
- Infectious Diseases of Honey bees
- Case Examples
- Summary
- Acknowledgments
- Footnotes
- Abbreviations
- References
- Appendix
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
USDA APHIS Center for Food Security and Public Health Institute. National Veterinary Accreditation Program. Module 30: the role of veterinarians in honey bee health. Available at: nvap.aphis.usda.gov/BEE/bee0001.php. Accessed Dec 28, 2020.
-
2.
FDA. Animal drugs@FDA. Available at: animaldrugsatfda.fda.gov/adafda/views/#/search. Accessed Jun 29, 2021.
-
3.
FDA. Animal drugs, feeds, and related products. 21 CFR 530.20.
-
5.
FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine. Guidance for industry #120. Veterinary feed directive regulation. Questions and answers (revised) Available at: www.fda.gov/media/70173/download. Accessed Mar 30, 2021.
-
6.
FDA. Requirements for distributors (who do not manufacture VFD feed). Available at: www.fda.gov/media/93207/download. Accessed Mar 30, 2021.
-
7.
FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine. Veterinary feed directive (VFD). Available at: www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/development-approval-process/veterinary-feed-directive-vfd. Accessed Aug 28, 2020.
-
8.
FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine. Guidance for industry #213. New animal drugs and new animal drug combination products administered in or on medicated feed or drinking water of food-producing animals: recommendations for drug sponsors for voluntarily aligning product use conditions with GFI #209. Available at: www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/cvm-gfi-213-new-animal-drugs-and-new-animal-drug-combination-products-administered-or-medicated-feed. Accessed Aug 28, 2020.
-
9.
FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine. Fact sheet: veterinary feed directive final rule and next steps. Available at: www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/development-approval-process/fact-sheet-veterinary-feed-directive-final-rule-and-next-steps. Accessed Sep 8, 2020.
-
10.
AVMA. AVMA veterinary feed directive form. Available at: www.avma.org/instructions-completing-veterinary-feed-directive-vfd-order Accessed Jul 1, 2021.
-
11.
American Association of Swine Veterinarians. Veterinary feed directive. Available at: www.aasv.org/aasv%20website/Resources/Antimicrobial%20Use/VFD.php. Accessed Aug 28,2020.
-
12.
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension Beef Quality Assurance Program. Veterinary feed directive. Available at: bqa.unl.edu/veterinary-feed-directive. Accessed Aug 28, 2020.
-
13.
Honey Bee Veterinary Consortium. Available at: www.hbvc.org. Accessed Jan 12, 2021.
-
14.
FARAD. Honey bees. Available at: www.usfarad.org/honey-bees.html. Accessed Jun 29, 2021.
-
15.
Al-Waili N, Salom K, Al-Ghamdi A, et al. Antibiotic, pesticide, and microbial contaminants of honey: human health hazards. ScientificWorldJournal 2012;2012:930849.
-
16.
European Food Safety Authority. Medina-Pastor P, Triacchini G. The 2018 European Union report on pesticide residues in food. EFSA J 2020;18:e6057.
-
17.
FDA. Tolerances for residues of new animal drugs in food. 21 CFR 556.
-
18.
Government of Canada. Table: current lowest AMRLs MRLs in meats and recommended WRLs in honey—policy on administrative maximum residue and working residue levels for veterinary drugs in food products. Available at: www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/veterinary-drugs/legislation-guidelines/policies/table-current-lowest-amrls-mrls-meats-recommended-wrls-honey-policy-administrative-maximum-residue-limits-working-residue-levels-veterinary-drugs-food.html. Accessed Sep 3, 2020.
-
19.
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China. The National Health Commission of China, and the State Administration of Market Regulation. National food safety standard on maximum residue limits for veterinary drugs in food. Translation available at: apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=China%20Publishes%20Maximum%20Residue%20Limits%20for%20Veterinary%20Drugs%20in%20Food_Beijing_China%20-%20Peoples%20Republic%20of_11-30-2019. Accessed Sep 14, 2020.
-
20.
European Commission. Veterinary medicines, residues. Available at: ec.europa.eu/food/animals/live_animals/bees/veterinary_issues_en. Accessed Sep 3, 2020.
-
21.
India Centre for Science and Environment. Antibiotic residues in honey. Available at: cdn.cseindia.org/userfiles/Antiboitics_Honey.pdf. Accessed Sep 14, 2020.
-
22.
The Japan Food Chemical Research Foundation. Table of MRLs for food types: honey (including royal-jelly). Available at: db.ffcr.or.jp/front/food_group_detail?id=20600. Accessed Sep 3, 2020.
-
23.
New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries. Maximum residue levels for agricultural compounds. Available at: www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/19550-maximum-residue-levels-for-agricultural-compounds. Accessed Sept 3, 2020.
-
24.
gFARAD-1DATA Consortium. Available at: Idata.life/gFARAD/gFARAD.php. Accessed Sep 12, 2020.
-
25.
USDA Agricultural Marketing Service. Pesticide data program. Available at: www.ams.usda.gov/datasets/pdp.Accessed Jun 21, 2021.
-
26.
FARAD. Commercial drug residue screening tests. Available at: cafarad.ucdavis.edu/RapidAssay/rapidassay.aspx. AccessedJun 28, 2021.
-
27.
Apivar [package insert]. Palaiseau, France: Véto-pharma SA, 2020.
-
28.
Florida Department of State. Florida Administrative Code.5B–54.017. Destruction or treatment of infested or in-fected colonies. Available at: www.flrules.org/gateway/RULENo.asp?title=PESTS%20OF%20HONEYBEES%20AND%20UNWANTED%20RACES%20OF%20HONEYBEES&ID=5B-54.017. Accessed Sep 8, 2020.
-
29.
Johnson RM, Dahlgren L, Siegfried BD, et al. Acaricide, fungicide and drug interactions in honey bees (Apis mellifera). PLoS One 2013;8:e54092.
-
30.
Fries I. Nosema ceranae in European honey bees (Apis mellifera). J Invertebr Pathol 2010;103(suppl 1):S73–S79.
-
31.
Sammataro D, Gerson U, Needham G. Parasitic mites of honey bees: life history, implications, and impact. Annu Rev Entomol 2000;45:519–548.
-
32.
Ramsey S, Gulbronson CJ, Mowery J, et al. A multi-microscopy approach to discover the feeding site and host tissue consumed by Varroa destructor on host honey bees. Microsc Microanal 2018;24:1258–1259.
-
33.
Vidal-Naquet N, Vallat B, Lewbart G. Table 3.1. In: Vidal-Naquet N, ed. Honey bee veterinary medicine: Apis mellifera L. Great Easton, UK: 5M Publishing, 2016;68.
-
34.
State Extension NC. Managing varroa mites in honey bee colonies. Available at: content.ces.ncsu.edu/managing-varroa-mites-in-honey-bee-colonies. Accessed Sep 8, 2020.
-
35.
FDA. Tolerances and exemptions for pesticide chemical residues in food. 40 CFR 180.
-
36.
Johnson RM, Pollock HS, Berenbaum MR. Synergistic interactions between in-hive miticides in Apis mellifera. J Econ Entomol 2009;102:474–479.
-
37.
Mite-A-Thiol [package insert]. Hackensack, Minn: Mann Lake Ltd, 2010.
-
38.
Hood WM. The small hive beetle, Aethina tumida: a review. Bee World 2004;85:51–59.
- PubMed Citation
- Article by Emily D. Richards
- Article by Lisa A. Tell
- Article by Jennifer L. Davis
- Article by Ronald E. Baynes
- Article by Zhoumeng Lin
- Article by Fiona P. Maunsell
- Article by Jim E. Riviere
- Article by Majid Jaberi-Douraki
- Article by Krysta L. Martin
- Article by Gigi Davidson
- Similar articles in PubMed
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Honey bee medicine for veterinarians and guidance for avoiding violative chemical residues in honey
Emily D. Richards
PharmD
Emily D. Richards
From the Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD), Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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Lisa A. Tell
DVM
Lisa A. Tell
From the Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD), Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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Jennifer L. Davis
DVM, PhD
Jennifer L. Davis
FARAD, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061
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Ronald E. Baynes
DVM, PhD
Ronald E. Baynes
FARAD, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, and Clinical Pharmacy Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606
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Zhoumeng Lin
BMed, PhD
Zhoumeng Lin
FARAD, Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
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Fiona P. Maunsell
BVSc, PhD
Fiona P. Maunsell
FARAD, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
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Jim E. Riviere
DVM, PhD
Jim E. Riviere
FARAD, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, and Clinical Pharmacy Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606
IDATA Consortium, Department of Mathematics, Kansas State University-Olathe, Olathe, KS 66061
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IDATA Consortium, Department of Mathematics, Kansas State University-Olathe, Olathe, KS 66061
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Majid Jaberi-Douraki
PhD
Majid Jaberi-Douraki
IDATA Consortium, Department of Mathematics, Kansas State University-Olathe, Olathe, KS 66061
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Krysta L. Martin
PharmD
Krysta L. Martin
From the Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD), Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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Gigi Davidson
BSPharmD
Gigi Davidson
FARAD, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, and Clinical Pharmacy Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606
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- Introduction
- FDA-Approved Medications Labeled for Use in Honey bees
- FDA Classifications of Drugs and Medicated Feeds
- Distribution of Antimicrobials for Use in Apiaries
- More on the VFD
- Pesticide Use in Honey Bees
- Drug Residues, Tolerances, and Testing
- Honey Super Withholding Period
- Annual Beekeeping Cycle
- Bee Husbandry
- Infectious Diseases of Honey bees
- Case Examples
- Summary
- Acknowledgments
- Footnotes
- Abbreviations
- References
- Appendix
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
USDA APHIS Center for Food Security and Public Health Institute. National Veterinary Accreditation Program. Module 30: the role of veterinarians in honey bee health. Available at: nvap.aphis.usda.gov/BEE/bee0001.php. Accessed Dec 28, 2020.
-
2.
FDA. Animal drugs@FDA. Available at: animaldrugsatfda.fda.gov/adafda/views/#/search. Accessed Jun 29, 2021.
-
3.
FDA. Animal drugs, feeds, and related products. 21 CFR 530.20.
-
5.
FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine. Guidance for industry #120. Veterinary feed directive regulation. Questions and answers (revised) Available at: www.fda.gov/media/70173/download. Accessed Mar 30, 2021.
-
6.
FDA. Requirements for distributors (who do not manufacture VFD feed). Available at: www.fda.gov/media/93207/download. Accessed Mar 30, 2021.
-
7.
FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine. Veterinary feed directive (VFD). Available at: www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/development-approval-process/veterinary-feed-directive-vfd. Accessed Aug 28, 2020.
-
8.
FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine. Guidance for industry #213. New animal drugs and new animal drug combination products administered in or on medicated feed or drinking water of food-producing animals: recommendations for drug sponsors for voluntarily aligning product use conditions with GFI #209. Available at: www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/cvm-gfi-213-new-animal-drugs-and-new-animal-drug-combination-products-administered-or-medicated-feed. Accessed Aug 28, 2020.
-
9.
FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine. Fact sheet: veterinary feed directive final rule and next steps. Available at: www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/development-approval-process/fact-sheet-veterinary-feed-directive-final-rule-and-next-steps. Accessed Sep 8, 2020.
-
10.
AVMA. AVMA veterinary feed directive form. Available at: www.avma.org/instructions-completing-veterinary-feed-directive-vfd-order Accessed Jul 1, 2021.
-
11.
American Association of Swine Veterinarians. Veterinary feed directive. Available at: www.aasv.org/aasv%20website/Resources/Antimicrobial%20Use/VFD.php. Accessed Aug 28,2020.
-
12.
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension Beef Quality Assurance Program. Veterinary feed directive. Available at: bqa.unl.edu/veterinary-feed-directive. Accessed Aug 28, 2020.
-
13.
Honey Bee Veterinary Consortium. Available at: www.hbvc.org. Accessed Jan 12, 2021.
-
14.
FARAD. Honey bees. Available at: www.usfarad.org/honey-bees.html. Accessed Jun 29, 2021.
-
15.
Al-Waili N, Salom K, Al-Ghamdi A, et al. Antibiotic, pesticide, and microbial contaminants of honey: human health hazards. ScientificWorldJournal 2012;2012:930849.
-
16.
European Food Safety Authority. Medina-Pastor P, Triacchini G. The 2018 European Union report on pesticide residues in food. EFSA J 2020;18:e6057.
-
17.
FDA. Tolerances for residues of new animal drugs in food. 21 CFR 556.
-
18.
Government of Canada. Table: current lowest AMRLs MRLs in meats and recommended WRLs in honey—policy on administrative maximum residue and working residue levels for veterinary drugs in food products. Available at: www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/veterinary-drugs/legislation-guidelines/policies/table-current-lowest-amrls-mrls-meats-recommended-wrls-honey-policy-administrative-maximum-residue-limits-working-residue-levels-veterinary-drugs-food.html. Accessed Sep 3, 2020.
-
19.
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China. The National Health Commission of China, and the State Administration of Market Regulation. National food safety standard on maximum residue limits for veterinary drugs in food. Translation available at: apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=China%20Publishes%20Maximum%20Residue%20Limits%20for%20Veterinary%20Drugs%20in%20Food_Beijing_China%20-%20Peoples%20Republic%20of_11-30-2019. Accessed Sep 14, 2020.
-
20.
European Commission. Veterinary medicines, residues. Available at: ec.europa.eu/food/animals/live_animals/bees/veterinary_issues_en. Accessed Sep 3, 2020.
-
21.
India Centre for Science and Environment. Antibiotic residues in honey. Available at: cdn.cseindia.org/userfiles/Antiboitics_Honey.pdf. Accessed Sep 14, 2020.
-
22.
The Japan Food Chemical Research Foundation. Table of MRLs for food types: honey (including royal-jelly). Available at: db.ffcr.or.jp/front/food_group_detail?id=20600. Accessed Sep 3, 2020.
-
23.
New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries. Maximum residue levels for agricultural compounds. Available at: www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/19550-maximum-residue-levels-for-agricultural-compounds. Accessed Sept 3, 2020.
-
24.
gFARAD-1DATA Consortium. Available at: Idata.life/gFARAD/gFARAD.php. Accessed Sep 12, 2020.
-
25.
USDA Agricultural Marketing Service. Pesticide data program. Available at: www.ams.usda.gov/datasets/pdp.Accessed Jun 21, 2021.
-
26.
FARAD. Commercial drug residue screening tests. Available at: cafarad.ucdavis.edu/RapidAssay/rapidassay.aspx. AccessedJun 28, 2021.
-
27.
Apivar [package insert]. Palaiseau, France: Véto-pharma SA, 2020.
-
28.
Florida Department of State. Florida Administrative Code.5B–54.017. Destruction or treatment of infested or in-fected colonies. Available at: www.flrules.org/gateway/RULENo.asp?title=PESTS%20OF%20HONEYBEES%20AND%20UNWANTED%20RACES%20OF%20HONEYBEES&ID=5B-54.017. Accessed Sep 8, 2020.
-
29.
Johnson RM, Dahlgren L, Siegfried BD, et al. Acaricide, fungicide and drug interactions in honey bees (Apis mellifera). PLoS One 2013;8:e54092.
-
30.
Fries I. Nosema ceranae in European honey bees (Apis mellifera). J Invertebr Pathol 2010;103(suppl 1):S73–S79.
-
31.
Sammataro D, Gerson U, Needham G. Parasitic mites of honey bees: life history, implications, and impact. Annu Rev Entomol 2000;45:519–548.
-
32.
Ramsey S, Gulbronson CJ, Mowery J, et al. A multi-microscopy approach to discover the feeding site and host tissue consumed by Varroa destructor on host honey bees. Microsc Microanal 2018;24:1258–1259.
-
33.
Vidal-Naquet N, Vallat B, Lewbart G. Table 3.1. In: Vidal-Naquet N, ed. Honey bee veterinary medicine: Apis mellifera L. Great Easton, UK: 5M Publishing, 2016;68.
-
34.
State Extension NC. Managing varroa mites in honey bee colonies. Available at: content.ces.ncsu.edu/managing-varroa-mites-in-honey-bee-colonies. Accessed Sep 8, 2020.
-
35.
FDA. Tolerances and exemptions for pesticide chemical residues in food. 40 CFR 180.
-
36.
Johnson RM, Pollock HS, Berenbaum MR. Synergistic interactions between in-hive miticides in Apis mellifera. J Econ Entomol 2009;102:474–479.
-
37.
Mite-A-Thiol [package insert]. Hackensack, Minn: Mann Lake Ltd, 2010.
-
38.
Hood WM. The small hive beetle, Aethina tumida: a review. Bee World 2004;85:51–59.
- PubMed Citation
- Article by Emily D. Richards
- Article by Lisa A. Tell
- Article by Jennifer L. Davis
- Article by Ronald E. Baynes
- Article by Zhoumeng Lin
- Article by Fiona P. Maunsell
- Article by Jim E. Riviere
- Article by Majid Jaberi-Douraki
- Article by Krysta L. Martin
- Article by Gigi Davidson
- Similar articles in PubMed
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