1. Atkins C, Bonagura J, Ettinger S, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of canine chronic valvular heart disease. J Vet Intern Med 2009;23:1142–1150.
2. Moïse NS. Diagnosis and management of canine arrhythmias. In: Fox PR, Sisson D, Moïse NS, eds. Textbook of canine and feline cardiology: principles and clinical practice. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1999;331–385.
3. Santilli RA, Perego M, Perini A, et al. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of cavo-tricuspid isthmus as treatment of atrial flutter in two dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2010;12:59–66.
4. Saoudi N, Cosio F, Waldo A, et al. A classification of atrial flutter and regular atrial tachycardia according to electrophysiological mechanisms and anatomical bases; a statement from a Joint Expert Group from The Working Group of Arrhythmias of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Eur Heart J 2001;22:1162–1182.
5. Andersen HR, Nielsen JC, Thomsen PE, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients from a randomised trial of atrial versus ventricular pacing for sick-sinus syndrome. Lancet 1997;350:1210–1216.
6. Sparks PB, Mond HG, Vohra JK, et al. Electrical remodeling of the atria following loss of atrioventricular synchrony: a long-term study in humans. Circulation 1999;100:1894–1900.
7. Bulmer BJ, Sisson DD, Oyama MA, et al. Physiologic VDD versus nonphysiologic VVI pacing in canine 3rd-degree atrioventricular block. J Vet Intern Med 2006;20:257–271.
8. Moïse NS, Pariaut R, Gelzer AR, et al. Cardioversion with lidocaine of vagally associated atrial fibrillation in two dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2005;7:143–148.
9. Pariaut R, Moise NS, Koetje BD, et al. Lidocaine converts acute vagally associated atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm in German Shepherd Dogs with inherited arrhythmias. J Vet Intern Med 2008;22:1274–1282.
10. Burashnikov A, Di Diego JM, Zygmunt AC, et al. Atrium-selective sodium channel block as a strategy for suppression of atrial fibrillation: differences in sodium channel inactivation between atria and ventricles and the role of ranolazine. Circulation 2007;116:1449–1457.
11. Hollmann MW, Fischer LG, Byford AM, et al. Local anesthetic inhibition of m1 muscarinic acetylcholine signaling. Anesthesiology 2000;93:497–509.
12. Yunoki M, Nakahara T, Mitani A, et al. Role of the M2 muscarinic receptor pathway in lidocaine-induced potentiation of the relaxant response to atrial natriuretic peptide in bovine tracheal smooth muscle. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2003;367:76–79.
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1. Atkins C, Bonagura J, Ettinger S, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of canine chronic valvular heart disease. J Vet Intern Med 2009;23:1142–1150.
2. Moïse NS. Diagnosis and management of canine arrhythmias. In: Fox PR, Sisson D, Moïse NS, eds. Textbook of canine and feline cardiology: principles and clinical practice. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1999;331–385.
3. Santilli RA, Perego M, Perini A, et al. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of cavo-tricuspid isthmus as treatment of atrial flutter in two dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2010;12:59–66.
4. Saoudi N, Cosio F, Waldo A, et al. A classification of atrial flutter and regular atrial tachycardia according to electrophysiological mechanisms and anatomical bases; a statement from a Joint Expert Group from The Working Group of Arrhythmias of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Eur Heart J 2001;22:1162–1182.
5. Andersen HR, Nielsen JC, Thomsen PE, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients from a randomised trial of atrial versus ventricular pacing for sick-sinus syndrome. Lancet 1997;350:1210–1216.
6. Sparks PB, Mond HG, Vohra JK, et al. Electrical remodeling of the atria following loss of atrioventricular synchrony: a long-term study in humans. Circulation 1999;100:1894–1900.
7. Bulmer BJ, Sisson DD, Oyama MA, et al. Physiologic VDD versus nonphysiologic VVI pacing in canine 3rd-degree atrioventricular block. J Vet Intern Med 2006;20:257–271.
8. Moïse NS, Pariaut R, Gelzer AR, et al. Cardioversion with lidocaine of vagally associated atrial fibrillation in two dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2005;7:143–148.
9. Pariaut R, Moise NS, Koetje BD, et al. Lidocaine converts acute vagally associated atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm in German Shepherd Dogs with inherited arrhythmias. J Vet Intern Med 2008;22:1274–1282.
10. Burashnikov A, Di Diego JM, Zygmunt AC, et al. Atrium-selective sodium channel block as a strategy for suppression of atrial fibrillation: differences in sodium channel inactivation between atria and ventricles and the role of ranolazine. Circulation 2007;116:1449–1457.
11. Hollmann MW, Fischer LG, Byford AM, et al. Local anesthetic inhibition of m1 muscarinic acetylcholine signaling. Anesthesiology 2000;93:497–509.
12. Yunoki M, Nakahara T, Mitani A, et al. Role of the M2 muscarinic receptor pathway in lidocaine-induced potentiation of the relaxant response to atrial natriuretic peptide in bovine tracheal smooth muscle. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2003;367:76–79.
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