1. Donahoe SL, Lindsay SA, Krockenberger M, et al. A review of neosporosis and pathologic findings of Neospora caninum infection in wildlife. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2015;4:216–238.
2. Dubey JP, Buxton D, Wouda W. Pathogenesis of bovine neosporosis. J Comp Pathol 2006;134:267–289.
3. Dubey JP, Schares G, Ortega-Mora LM. Epidemiology and control of neosporosis and Neospora caninum. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007;20:323–367.
4. Dubey JP, Lappin MR. Toxoplasmosis and neosporosis. In: Greene CE, ed. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat. 4th ed. St Louis: Elsevier Saunders, 2012;806–827.
5. Bjerkås I, Mohn SF, Presthus J. Unidentified cyst-forming sporozoon causing encephalomyelitis and myositis in dogs. Z Parasitenkd 1984;70:271–274.
6. Robinson WF, Robinson NA. Cardiovascular system. In: Maxie MG, ed. Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer's pathology of domestic animals. Vol. 3. 6th ed. St Louis: Elsevier, 2016;1–101.
7. La Perle KM, Del Piero F, Carr RF, et al. Cutaneous neosporosis in two adult dogs on chronic immunosuppressive therapy. J Vet Diagn Invest 2001;13:252–255.
8. Dubey JP, Carpenter JL, Speer CA, et al. Newly recognized fatal protozoan disease of dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1988;192:1269–1285.
9. Dubey JP, Sreekumar C, Knickman E, et al. Biologic, morphologic, and molecular characterization of Neospora caninum isolates from littermate dogs. Int J Parasitol 2004;34:1157–1167.
10. Dubey JP, Lindsay DS. Transplacental Neospora caninum infection in cats. J Parasitol 1989;75:765–771.
11. Cheadle MA, Spencer JA, Blagburn BL. Seroprevalences of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in nondomestic felids from southern Africa. J Zoo Wildl Med 1999;30:248–251.
12. Ferroglio E, Wambwa E, Castiello M, et al. Antibodies to Neospora caninum in wild animals from Kenya, East Africa. Vet Parasitol 2003;118:43–49.
13. Spencer JA, Higgenbotham MJ, Blagburn BL. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in captive and free-ranging nondomestic felids in the United States. J Zoo Wildl Med 2003;34:246–249.
14. van der Hage MH, Kik MJL, Dorrestein GM. Neospora caninum: myocarditis in a European pine marten (Martes martes), in Proceedings. Eur Assoc Zoo Wildl Vet 4th Sci Meet 2002;217–220.
15. Yu X, Chen N, Hu D, et al. Detection of Neospora caninum from farm-bred young blue foxes (Alopex lagopus) in China. J Vet Med Sci 2009;71:113–115.
16. Duhey JP, Whitesell LE, Culp WE, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of Neospora caninum-associated dermatitis in a red fox (Vulpes vulpes) with concurrent Toxoplasma gondii infection. J Zoo Wildl Med 2014;45:454–457.
17. Jenkins MC, Parker C, Hill D, et al. Neospora caninum detected in feral rodents. Vet Parasitol 2007;143:161–165.
18. Sobrino R, Dubey JP, Pabon M, et al. Neospora caninum antibodies in wild carnivores from Spain. Vet Parasitol 2008;155:190–197.
19. Ibrahim HM, Huang P, Salem TA, et al. Prevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in northern Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009;80:263–267.
20. Darwich L, Cabezon O, Echeverria I, et al. Presence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum DNA in the brains of wild birds. Vet Parasitol 2012;183:377–381.
21. Medina-Esparza L, Macias L, Ramos-Parra M, et al. Frequency of infection by Neospora caninum in wild rodents associated with dairy farms in Aguascalientes, Mexico. Vet Parasitol 2013;191:11–14.
22. Costa KS, Santos SL, Uzeda RS, et al. Chickens (Gallus domesticus) are natural intermediate hosts of Neospora caninum. Int J Parasitol 2012;38:157–159.
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1. Donahoe SL, Lindsay SA, Krockenberger M, et al. A review of neosporosis and pathologic findings of Neospora caninum infection in wildlife. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2015;4:216–238.
2. Dubey JP, Buxton D, Wouda W. Pathogenesis of bovine neosporosis. J Comp Pathol 2006;134:267–289.
3. Dubey JP, Schares G, Ortega-Mora LM. Epidemiology and control of neosporosis and Neospora caninum. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007;20:323–367.
4. Dubey JP, Lappin MR. Toxoplasmosis and neosporosis. In: Greene CE, ed. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat. 4th ed. St Louis: Elsevier Saunders, 2012;806–827.
5. Bjerkås I, Mohn SF, Presthus J. Unidentified cyst-forming sporozoon causing encephalomyelitis and myositis in dogs. Z Parasitenkd 1984;70:271–274.
6. Robinson WF, Robinson NA. Cardiovascular system. In: Maxie MG, ed. Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer's pathology of domestic animals. Vol. 3. 6th ed. St Louis: Elsevier, 2016;1–101.
7. La Perle KM, Del Piero F, Carr RF, et al. Cutaneous neosporosis in two adult dogs on chronic immunosuppressive therapy. J Vet Diagn Invest 2001;13:252–255.
8. Dubey JP, Carpenter JL, Speer CA, et al. Newly recognized fatal protozoan disease of dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1988;192:1269–1285.
9. Dubey JP, Sreekumar C, Knickman E, et al. Biologic, morphologic, and molecular characterization of Neospora caninum isolates from littermate dogs. Int J Parasitol 2004;34:1157–1167.
10. Dubey JP, Lindsay DS. Transplacental Neospora caninum infection in cats. J Parasitol 1989;75:765–771.
11. Cheadle MA, Spencer JA, Blagburn BL. Seroprevalences of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in nondomestic felids from southern Africa. J Zoo Wildl Med 1999;30:248–251.
12. Ferroglio E, Wambwa E, Castiello M, et al. Antibodies to Neospora caninum in wild animals from Kenya, East Africa. Vet Parasitol 2003;118:43–49.
13. Spencer JA, Higgenbotham MJ, Blagburn BL. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in captive and free-ranging nondomestic felids in the United States. J Zoo Wildl Med 2003;34:246–249.
14. van der Hage MH, Kik MJL, Dorrestein GM. Neospora caninum: myocarditis in a European pine marten (Martes martes), in Proceedings. Eur Assoc Zoo Wildl Vet 4th Sci Meet 2002;217–220.
15. Yu X, Chen N, Hu D, et al. Detection of Neospora caninum from farm-bred young blue foxes (Alopex lagopus) in China. J Vet Med Sci 2009;71:113–115.
16. Duhey JP, Whitesell LE, Culp WE, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of Neospora caninum-associated dermatitis in a red fox (Vulpes vulpes) with concurrent Toxoplasma gondii infection. J Zoo Wildl Med 2014;45:454–457.
17. Jenkins MC, Parker C, Hill D, et al. Neospora caninum detected in feral rodents. Vet Parasitol 2007;143:161–165.
18. Sobrino R, Dubey JP, Pabon M, et al. Neospora caninum antibodies in wild carnivores from Spain. Vet Parasitol 2008;155:190–197.
19. Ibrahim HM, Huang P, Salem TA, et al. Prevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in northern Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009;80:263–267.
20. Darwich L, Cabezon O, Echeverria I, et al. Presence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum DNA in the brains of wild birds. Vet Parasitol 2012;183:377–381.
21. Medina-Esparza L, Macias L, Ramos-Parra M, et al. Frequency of infection by Neospora caninum in wild rodents associated with dairy farms in Aguascalientes, Mexico. Vet Parasitol 2013;191:11–14.
22. Costa KS, Santos SL, Uzeda RS, et al. Chickens (Gallus domesticus) are natural intermediate hosts of Neospora caninum. Int J Parasitol 2012;38:157–159.
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