1. Brunetto MA, Gomes MOS, Andre MR, et al. Effects of nutritional support on hospital outcome in dogs and cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2010; 20: 224–231.
2. Remillard RL, Darden DE, Michel KE, et al. An investigation of the relationship between caloric intake and outcome in hospitalized dogs. Vet Ther 2001; 2: 301–310.
3. Reynolds CA, Oyama MA, Rush JE, et al. Perceptions of quality of life and priorities of owners of cats with heart disease. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24: 1421–1426.
4. Mallery KF, Freeman LM, Harpster NK, et al. Factors contributing to the decision for euthanasia of dogs with congestive heart failure. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 214: 1201–1204.
5. DiBartola SP, Rutgers HC, Zack PM, et al. Clinicopathologic findings associated with chronic renal disease in cats: 74 cases (1973–1984). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1987; 190: 1196–1202.
6. Elliott J, Barber PJ. Feline chronic renal failure: clinical findings in 80 cases diagnosed between 1992 and 1995. J Small Anim Pract 1998; 39:78–85.
7. Goldstein RE, Marks SL, Cowgill LD, et al. Plasma amino acid profiles in cats with naturally acquired chronic renal failure. Am J Vet Res 1999; 60: 109–113.
8. King JN, Tasker S, Gunn-Moore DA, et al. Prognostic factors in cats with chronic kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med 2007; 21: 906–916.
9. Greene JP, Lefebvre SL, Wang M, et al. Risk factors associated with the development of chronic kidney disease in cats evaluated at primary care veterinary hospitals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 244: 320–327.
10. Markovich JE, Freeman LM, Labato MA, et al. Survey of dietary and medication practices of owners of cats with chronic kidney disease. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17: 979–983.
11. Studdert VP, Gay CC, Blood DC. Saunders comprehensive veterinary dictionary. 4th ed. St Louis: Elsevier Saunders, 2012.
12. Delaney SJ. Management of anorexia in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2006; 36: 1243–1249.
13. Chan DL. The inappetent hospitalised cat: clinical approach to maximising nutritional support. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11: 925–933.
14. Guyenet SJ, Schwartz MW. Regulation of food intake, energy balance, and body fat mass: implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97: 745–755.
15. Woods SC, D'Alessio DA. Central control of body weight and appetite. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: S37–S50.
16. Laviano A, Inui A, Marks DL, et al. Neural control of the anorexia-cachexia syndrome. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295: E1000–E1008.
17. Inui A. Neuropeptide Y: a key molecule in anorexia and cachexia in wasting disorders? Mol Med Today 1999; 5: 79–85.
18. Plata-Salamán CR. Brain mechanisms in cytokine-induced anorexia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1999; 24: 25–41.
19. Baldwin K, Bartges J, Buffington T, et al. AAHA nutritional assessment guidelines for dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2010; 46: 285–296.
20. WSAVA Nutritional Assessment Guidelines Task Force Members. WSAVA Nutritional Assessment Guidelines. J Small Anim Pract 2011; 52: 385–396.
21. WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee. Short diet history form. Available at: www.wsava.org/sites/default/files/Diet%20History%20Form.pdf. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
22. WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee. Body condition score chart for cats. Available at: www.wsava.org/sites/default/files/Body%20condition%20score%20chart%20cats.pdf. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
23. WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee. Body condition score chart for dogs. Available at: www.wsava.org/sites/default/files/Body%20condition%20score%20chart%20dogs.pdf. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
24. WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee. Muscle condition score chart for cats. Available at: www.wsava.org/sites/default/files/Muscle%20condition%20score%20chart-Cats.pdf. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
25. WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee. Muscle condition score chart for dogs. Available at: www.wsava.org/sites/default/files/Muscle%20condition%20score%20chart%202013.pdf. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
26. Michel KE, Anderson W, Cupp C, et al. Correlation of a feline muscle mass score with body composition determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Br J Nutr 2011; 106 (suppl 1):S57–S59.
27. American College of Veterinary Nutrition. Diplomate directory. Available at: www.acvn.org/directory/. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
28. European College of Veterinary Comparative Nutrition. Diplomate directory. Available at: www.esvcn.eu/college. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
29. Stockman J, Fascetti AJ, Kass PH, et al. Evaluation of recipes of home-prepared maintenance diets for dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242: 1500–1505.
30. Bernstein IL. Taste aversion learning: a contemporary perspective. Nutrition 1999; 15: 229–234.
31. Agnew W, Korman R. Pharmacological appetite stimulation: rational choices in the inappetent cat. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16: 749–756.
32. Quimby JM, Lunn KF. Mirtazapine as an appetite stimulant and anti-emetic in cats with chronic kidney disease: a masked placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial. Vet J 2013; 197: 651–655.
33. Quimby JM, Gustafson DL, Samber BJ, et al. Studies on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mirtazapine in healthy young cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34: 388–396.
34. Plumb DC. Mirtazapine. Available at: www.plumbsveterinarydrugs.com. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
35. Giorgi M, Yun H. Pharmacokinetics of mirtazapine and its main metabolites in Beagle dogs: a pilot study. Vet J 2012; 192: 239–241.
36. Dowling PM. Drugs affecting appetite (monogastric). Available at: www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/pharmacology/systemic_pharmacotherapeutics_of_the_digestive_system/drugs_affecting_appetite_monogastric.html. Accessed Sep 19, 2017.
37. Quimby JM, Gustafson DL, Lunn KF. The pharmacokinetics of mirtazapine in cats with chronic kidney disease and in age-matched control cats. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25: 985–989.
38. Plumb DC. Cyproheptadine. Available at: www.plumbsveterinarydrugs.com. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
39. Norris CR, Boothe DM, Esparza T, et al. Disposition of cyproheptadine in cats after intravenous or oral administration of a single dose. Am J Vet Res 1998; 59: 79–81.
40. Center SA. Feline hepatic lipidosis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2005; 35: 225–269.
41. Hickman MA, Cox SR, Mahabir S, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics and use of the novel NK-1 receptor antagonist maropitant (Cerenia) for the prevention of emesis and motion sickness in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2008; 31: 220–229.
42. Ramsey DS, Kincaid K, Watkins JA, et al. Safety and efficacy of injectable and oral maropitant, a selective neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist, in a randomized clinical trial for treatment of vomiting in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2008; 31: 538–543.
43. de la Puente-Redondo VA, Siedek EM, Benchaoui HA, et al. The anti-emetic efficacy of maropitant (Cerenia) in the treatment of ongoing emesis caused by a wide range of underlying clinical aetiologies in canine patients in Europe. J Small Anim Pract 2007; 48: 93–98.
44. Quimby JM, Brock WT, Moses K, et al. Chronic use of maropitant for the management of vomiting and inappetence in cats with chronic kidney disease: a blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17: 692–697.
45. Zollers B, Rhodes L, Smith RG. Capromorelin increases food consumption, body weight, growth hormone, and sustained insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations when administered to healthy adult Beagle dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 40: 140–147.
46. Zollers B, Wofford JA, Heinen E, et al. A prospective, randomized, masked, placebo-controlled clinical study of capromorelin in dogs with reduced appetite. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30: 1851–1857.
47. Wofford JA, Zollers B, Rhodes L, et al. Evaluation of the safety of daily administration of capromorelin in cats [published online ahead of print Oct 22, 2017]. J Vet Pharm Ther doi:10.1111/jvp.12459.
48. Aratana Therapeutics Inc. Aratana Therapeutics announces positive pilot field study of AT-002 in cats. Available at: aratana.investorroom.com/2015-07-27-Aratana-Therapeutics-Announces-Positive-Pilot-Field-Study-of-AT-002-in-Cats. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
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1. Brunetto MA, Gomes MOS, Andre MR, et al. Effects of nutritional support on hospital outcome in dogs and cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2010; 20: 224–231.
2. Remillard RL, Darden DE, Michel KE, et al. An investigation of the relationship between caloric intake and outcome in hospitalized dogs. Vet Ther 2001; 2: 301–310.
3. Reynolds CA, Oyama MA, Rush JE, et al. Perceptions of quality of life and priorities of owners of cats with heart disease. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24: 1421–1426.
4. Mallery KF, Freeman LM, Harpster NK, et al. Factors contributing to the decision for euthanasia of dogs with congestive heart failure. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 214: 1201–1204.
5. DiBartola SP, Rutgers HC, Zack PM, et al. Clinicopathologic findings associated with chronic renal disease in cats: 74 cases (1973–1984). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1987; 190: 1196–1202.
6. Elliott J, Barber PJ. Feline chronic renal failure: clinical findings in 80 cases diagnosed between 1992 and 1995. J Small Anim Pract 1998; 39:78–85.
7. Goldstein RE, Marks SL, Cowgill LD, et al. Plasma amino acid profiles in cats with naturally acquired chronic renal failure. Am J Vet Res 1999; 60: 109–113.
8. King JN, Tasker S, Gunn-Moore DA, et al. Prognostic factors in cats with chronic kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med 2007; 21: 906–916.
9. Greene JP, Lefebvre SL, Wang M, et al. Risk factors associated with the development of chronic kidney disease in cats evaluated at primary care veterinary hospitals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 244: 320–327.
10. Markovich JE, Freeman LM, Labato MA, et al. Survey of dietary and medication practices of owners of cats with chronic kidney disease. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17: 979–983.
11. Studdert VP, Gay CC, Blood DC. Saunders comprehensive veterinary dictionary. 4th ed. St Louis: Elsevier Saunders, 2012.
12. Delaney SJ. Management of anorexia in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2006; 36: 1243–1249.
13. Chan DL. The inappetent hospitalised cat: clinical approach to maximising nutritional support. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11: 925–933.
14. Guyenet SJ, Schwartz MW. Regulation of food intake, energy balance, and body fat mass: implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97: 745–755.
15. Woods SC, D'Alessio DA. Central control of body weight and appetite. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: S37–S50.
16. Laviano A, Inui A, Marks DL, et al. Neural control of the anorexia-cachexia syndrome. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295: E1000–E1008.
17. Inui A. Neuropeptide Y: a key molecule in anorexia and cachexia in wasting disorders? Mol Med Today 1999; 5: 79–85.
18. Plata-Salamán CR. Brain mechanisms in cytokine-induced anorexia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1999; 24: 25–41.
19. Baldwin K, Bartges J, Buffington T, et al. AAHA nutritional assessment guidelines for dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2010; 46: 285–296.
20. WSAVA Nutritional Assessment Guidelines Task Force Members. WSAVA Nutritional Assessment Guidelines. J Small Anim Pract 2011; 52: 385–396.
21. WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee. Short diet history form. Available at: www.wsava.org/sites/default/files/Diet%20History%20Form.pdf. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
22. WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee. Body condition score chart for cats. Available at: www.wsava.org/sites/default/files/Body%20condition%20score%20chart%20cats.pdf. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
23. WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee. Body condition score chart for dogs. Available at: www.wsava.org/sites/default/files/Body%20condition%20score%20chart%20dogs.pdf. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
24. WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee. Muscle condition score chart for cats. Available at: www.wsava.org/sites/default/files/Muscle%20condition%20score%20chart-Cats.pdf. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
25. WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee. Muscle condition score chart for dogs. Available at: www.wsava.org/sites/default/files/Muscle%20condition%20score%20chart%202013.pdf. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
26. Michel KE, Anderson W, Cupp C, et al. Correlation of a feline muscle mass score with body composition determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Br J Nutr 2011; 106 (suppl 1):S57–S59.
27. American College of Veterinary Nutrition. Diplomate directory. Available at: www.acvn.org/directory/. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
28. European College of Veterinary Comparative Nutrition. Diplomate directory. Available at: www.esvcn.eu/college. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
29. Stockman J, Fascetti AJ, Kass PH, et al. Evaluation of recipes of home-prepared maintenance diets for dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242: 1500–1505.
30. Bernstein IL. Taste aversion learning: a contemporary perspective. Nutrition 1999; 15: 229–234.
31. Agnew W, Korman R. Pharmacological appetite stimulation: rational choices in the inappetent cat. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16: 749–756.
32. Quimby JM, Lunn KF. Mirtazapine as an appetite stimulant and anti-emetic in cats with chronic kidney disease: a masked placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial. Vet J 2013; 197: 651–655.
33. Quimby JM, Gustafson DL, Samber BJ, et al. Studies on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mirtazapine in healthy young cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34: 388–396.
34. Plumb DC. Mirtazapine. Available at: www.plumbsveterinarydrugs.com. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
35. Giorgi M, Yun H. Pharmacokinetics of mirtazapine and its main metabolites in Beagle dogs: a pilot study. Vet J 2012; 192: 239–241.
36. Dowling PM. Drugs affecting appetite (monogastric). Available at: www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/pharmacology/systemic_pharmacotherapeutics_of_the_digestive_system/drugs_affecting_appetite_monogastric.html. Accessed Sep 19, 2017.
37. Quimby JM, Gustafson DL, Lunn KF. The pharmacokinetics of mirtazapine in cats with chronic kidney disease and in age-matched control cats. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25: 985–989.
38. Plumb DC. Cyproheptadine. Available at: www.plumbsveterinarydrugs.com. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
39. Norris CR, Boothe DM, Esparza T, et al. Disposition of cyproheptadine in cats after intravenous or oral administration of a single dose. Am J Vet Res 1998; 59: 79–81.
40. Center SA. Feline hepatic lipidosis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2005; 35: 225–269.
41. Hickman MA, Cox SR, Mahabir S, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics and use of the novel NK-1 receptor antagonist maropitant (Cerenia) for the prevention of emesis and motion sickness in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2008; 31: 220–229.
42. Ramsey DS, Kincaid K, Watkins JA, et al. Safety and efficacy of injectable and oral maropitant, a selective neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist, in a randomized clinical trial for treatment of vomiting in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2008; 31: 538–543.
43. de la Puente-Redondo VA, Siedek EM, Benchaoui HA, et al. The anti-emetic efficacy of maropitant (Cerenia) in the treatment of ongoing emesis caused by a wide range of underlying clinical aetiologies in canine patients in Europe. J Small Anim Pract 2007; 48: 93–98.
44. Quimby JM, Brock WT, Moses K, et al. Chronic use of maropitant for the management of vomiting and inappetence in cats with chronic kidney disease: a blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17: 692–697.
45. Zollers B, Rhodes L, Smith RG. Capromorelin increases food consumption, body weight, growth hormone, and sustained insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations when administered to healthy adult Beagle dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 40: 140–147.
46. Zollers B, Wofford JA, Heinen E, et al. A prospective, randomized, masked, placebo-controlled clinical study of capromorelin in dogs with reduced appetite. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30: 1851–1857.
47. Wofford JA, Zollers B, Rhodes L, et al. Evaluation of the safety of daily administration of capromorelin in cats [published online ahead of print Oct 22, 2017]. J Vet Pharm Ther doi:10.1111/jvp.12459.
48. Aratana Therapeutics Inc. Aratana Therapeutics announces positive pilot field study of AT-002 in cats. Available at: aratana.investorroom.com/2015-07-27-Aratana-Therapeutics-Announces-Positive-Pilot-Field-Study-of-AT-002-in-Cats. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
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