Authors
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- Inconsistency of Terms
- Mechanisms Controlling Food Intake
- Pathophysiologic Processes for Dysregulation of Food Intake
- Clinical Assessment
- Management of Inadequate Food Intake
- Modify dietary factors to enhance palatability
- Consider providing enteral or parenteral nutrition
- Future Research
- Clinical Summary
- Acknowledgments
- ABBREVIATIONS
- Footnotes
- References
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1. Brunetto MA, Gomes MOS, Andre MR, et al. Effects of nutritional support on hospital outcome in dogs and cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2010; 20: 224–231.
-
2. Remillard RL, Darden DE, Michel KE, et al. An investigation of the relationship between caloric intake and outcome in hospitalized dogs. Vet Ther 2001; 2: 301–310.
-
3. Reynolds CA, Oyama MA, Rush JE, et al. Perceptions of quality of life and priorities of owners of cats with heart disease. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24: 1421–1426.
-
4. Mallery KF, Freeman LM, Harpster NK, et al. Factors contributing to the decision for euthanasia of dogs with congestive heart failure. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 214: 1201–1204.
-
5. DiBartola SP, Rutgers HC, Zack PM, et al. Clinicopathologic findings associated with chronic renal disease in cats: 74 cases (1973–1984). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1987; 190: 1196–1202.
-
6. Elliott J, Barber PJ. Feline chronic renal failure: clinical findings in 80 cases diagnosed between 1992 and 1995. J Small Anim Pract 1998; 39:78–85.
-
7. Goldstein RE, Marks SL, Cowgill LD, et al. Plasma amino acid profiles in cats with naturally acquired chronic renal failure. Am J Vet Res 1999; 60: 109–113.
-
8. King JN, Tasker S, Gunn-Moore DA, et al. Prognostic factors in cats with chronic kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med 2007; 21: 906–916.
-
9. Greene JP, Lefebvre SL, Wang M, et al. Risk factors associated with the development of chronic kidney disease in cats evaluated at primary care veterinary hospitals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 244: 320–327.
-
10. Markovich JE, Freeman LM, Labato MA, et al. Survey of dietary and medication practices of owners of cats with chronic kidney disease. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17: 979–983.
-
11. Studdert VP, Gay CC, Blood DC. Saunders comprehensive veterinary dictionary. 4th ed. St Louis: Elsevier Saunders, 2012.
-
12. Delaney SJ. Management of anorexia in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2006; 36: 1243–1249.
-
13. Chan DL. The inappetent hospitalised cat: clinical approach to maximising nutritional support. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11: 925–933.
-
14. Guyenet SJ, Schwartz MW. Regulation of food intake, energy balance, and body fat mass: implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97: 745–755.
-
15. Woods SC, D'Alessio DA. Central control of body weight and appetite. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: S37–S50.
-
16. Laviano A, Inui A, Marks DL, et al. Neural control of the anorexia-cachexia syndrome. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295: E1000–E1008.
-
17. Inui A. Neuropeptide Y: a key molecule in anorexia and cachexia in wasting disorders? Mol Med Today 1999; 5: 79–85.
-
18. Plata-Salamán CR. Brain mechanisms in cytokine-induced anorexia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1999; 24: 25–41.
-
19. Baldwin K, Bartges J, Buffington T, et al. AAHA nutritional assessment guidelines for dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2010; 46: 285–296.
-
20. WSAVA Nutritional Assessment Guidelines Task Force Members. WSAVA Nutritional Assessment Guidelines. J Small Anim Pract 2011; 52: 385–396.
-
21. WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee. Short diet history form. Available at: www.wsava.org/sites/default/files/Diet%20History%20Form.pdf. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
-
22. WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee. Body condition score chart for cats. Available at: www.wsava.org/sites/default/files/Body%20condition%20score%20chart%20cats.pdf. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
-
23. WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee. Body condition score chart for dogs. Available at: www.wsava.org/sites/default/files/Body%20condition%20score%20chart%20dogs.pdf. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
-
24. WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee. Muscle condition score chart for cats. Available at: www.wsava.org/sites/default/files/Muscle%20condition%20score%20chart-Cats.pdf. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
-
25. WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee. Muscle condition score chart for dogs. Available at: www.wsava.org/sites/default/files/Muscle%20condition%20score%20chart%202013.pdf. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
-
26. Michel KE, Anderson W, Cupp C, et al. Correlation of a feline muscle mass score with body composition determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Br J Nutr 2011; 106 (suppl 1):S57–S59.
-
27. American College of Veterinary Nutrition. Diplomate directory. Available at: www.acvn.org/directory/. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
-
28. European College of Veterinary Comparative Nutrition. Diplomate directory. Available at: www.esvcn.eu/college. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
-
29. Stockman J, Fascetti AJ, Kass PH, et al. Evaluation of recipes of home-prepared maintenance diets for dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242: 1500–1505.
-
30. Bernstein IL. Taste aversion learning: a contemporary perspective. Nutrition 1999; 15: 229–234.
-
31. Agnew W, Korman R. Pharmacological appetite stimulation: rational choices in the inappetent cat. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16: 749–756.
-
32. Quimby JM, Lunn KF. Mirtazapine as an appetite stimulant and anti-emetic in cats with chronic kidney disease: a masked placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial. Vet J 2013; 197: 651–655.
-
33. Quimby JM, Gustafson DL, Samber BJ, et al. Studies on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mirtazapine in healthy young cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34: 388–396.
-
34. Plumb DC. Mirtazapine. Available at: www.plumbsveterinarydrugs.com. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
-
35. Giorgi M, Yun H. Pharmacokinetics of mirtazapine and its main metabolites in Beagle dogs: a pilot study. Vet J 2012; 192: 239–241.
-
36. Dowling PM. Drugs affecting appetite (monogastric). Available at: www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/pharmacology/systemic_pharmacotherapeutics_of_the_digestive_system/drugs_affecting_appetite_monogastric.html. Accessed Sep 19, 2017.
-
37. Quimby JM, Gustafson DL, Lunn KF. The pharmacokinetics of mirtazapine in cats with chronic kidney disease and in age-matched control cats. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25: 985–989.
-
38. Plumb DC. Cyproheptadine. Available at: www.plumbsveterinarydrugs.com. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
-
39. Norris CR, Boothe DM, Esparza T, et al. Disposition of cyproheptadine in cats after intravenous or oral administration of a single dose. Am J Vet Res 1998; 59: 79–81.
-
40. Center SA. Feline hepatic lipidosis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2005; 35: 225–269.
-
41. Hickman MA, Cox SR, Mahabir S, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics and use of the novel NK-1 receptor antagonist maropitant (Cerenia) for the prevention of emesis and motion sickness in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2008; 31: 220–229.
-
42. Ramsey DS, Kincaid K, Watkins JA, et al. Safety and efficacy of injectable and oral maropitant, a selective neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist, in a randomized clinical trial for treatment of vomiting in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2008; 31: 538–543.
-
43. de la Puente-Redondo VA, Siedek EM, Benchaoui HA, et al. The anti-emetic efficacy of maropitant (Cerenia) in the treatment of ongoing emesis caused by a wide range of underlying clinical aetiologies in canine patients in Europe. J Small Anim Pract 2007; 48: 93–98.
-
44. Quimby JM, Brock WT, Moses K, et al. Chronic use of maropitant for the management of vomiting and inappetence in cats with chronic kidney disease: a blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17: 692–697.
-
45. Zollers B, Rhodes L, Smith RG. Capromorelin increases food consumption, body weight, growth hormone, and sustained insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations when administered to healthy adult Beagle dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 40: 140–147.
-
46. Zollers B, Wofford JA, Heinen E, et al. A prospective, randomized, masked, placebo-controlled clinical study of capromorelin in dogs with reduced appetite. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30: 1851–1857.
-
47. Wofford JA, Zollers B, Rhodes L, et al. Evaluation of the safety of daily administration of capromorelin in cats [published online ahead of print Oct 22, 2017]. J Vet Pharm Ther doi:10.1111/jvp.12459.
-
48. Aratana Therapeutics Inc. Aratana Therapeutics announces positive pilot field study of AT-002 in cats. Available at: aratana.investorroom.com/2015-07-27-Aratana-Therapeutics-Announces-Positive-Pilot-Field-Study-of-AT-002-in-Cats. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
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Recognizing, describing, and managing reduced food intake in dogs and cats
Lily N. Johnson
 DVM
Lily N. Johnson
VCA San Francisco Veterinary Specialists, 600 Alabama St, San Francisco, CA 94110.
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Lisa M. Freeman
 DVM, PhD
Lisa M. Freeman
Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536.
Search for other papers by Lisa M. Freeman in
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- Inconsistency of Terms
- Mechanisms Controlling Food Intake
- Pathophysiologic Processes for Dysregulation of Food Intake
- Clinical Assessment
- Management of Inadequate Food Intake
- Modify dietary factors to enhance palatability
- Consider providing enteral or parenteral nutrition
- Future Research
- Clinical Summary
- Acknowledgments
- ABBREVIATIONS
- Footnotes
- References
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1. Brunetto MA, Gomes MOS, Andre MR, et al. Effects of nutritional support on hospital outcome in dogs and cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2010; 20: 224–231.
-
2. Remillard RL, Darden DE, Michel KE, et al. An investigation of the relationship between caloric intake and outcome in hospitalized dogs. Vet Ther 2001; 2: 301–310.
-
3. Reynolds CA, Oyama MA, Rush JE, et al. Perceptions of quality of life and priorities of owners of cats with heart disease. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24: 1421–1426.
-
4. Mallery KF, Freeman LM, Harpster NK, et al. Factors contributing to the decision for euthanasia of dogs with congestive heart failure. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 214: 1201–1204.
-
5. DiBartola SP, Rutgers HC, Zack PM, et al. Clinicopathologic findings associated with chronic renal disease in cats: 74 cases (1973–1984). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1987; 190: 1196–1202.
-
6. Elliott J, Barber PJ. Feline chronic renal failure: clinical findings in 80 cases diagnosed between 1992 and 1995. J Small Anim Pract 1998; 39:78–85.
-
7. Goldstein RE, Marks SL, Cowgill LD, et al. Plasma amino acid profiles in cats with naturally acquired chronic renal failure. Am J Vet Res 1999; 60: 109–113.
-
8. King JN, Tasker S, Gunn-Moore DA, et al. Prognostic factors in cats with chronic kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med 2007; 21: 906–916.
-
9. Greene JP, Lefebvre SL, Wang M, et al. Risk factors associated with the development of chronic kidney disease in cats evaluated at primary care veterinary hospitals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 244: 320–327.
-
10. Markovich JE, Freeman LM, Labato MA, et al. Survey of dietary and medication practices of owners of cats with chronic kidney disease. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17: 979–983.
-
11. Studdert VP, Gay CC, Blood DC. Saunders comprehensive veterinary dictionary. 4th ed. St Louis: Elsevier Saunders, 2012.
-
12. Delaney SJ. Management of anorexia in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2006; 36: 1243–1249.
-
13. Chan DL. The inappetent hospitalised cat: clinical approach to maximising nutritional support. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11: 925–933.
-
14. Guyenet SJ, Schwartz MW. Regulation of food intake, energy balance, and body fat mass: implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97: 745–755.
-
15. Woods SC, D'Alessio DA. Central control of body weight and appetite. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: S37–S50.
-
16. Laviano A, Inui A, Marks DL, et al. Neural control of the anorexia-cachexia syndrome. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295: E1000–E1008.
-
17. Inui A. Neuropeptide Y: a key molecule in anorexia and cachexia in wasting disorders? Mol Med Today 1999; 5: 79–85.
-
18. Plata-Salamán CR. Brain mechanisms in cytokine-induced anorexia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1999; 24: 25–41.
-
19. Baldwin K, Bartges J, Buffington T, et al. AAHA nutritional assessment guidelines for dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2010; 46: 285–296.
-
20. WSAVA Nutritional Assessment Guidelines Task Force Members. WSAVA Nutritional Assessment Guidelines. J Small Anim Pract 2011; 52: 385–396.
-
21. WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee. Short diet history form. Available at: www.wsava.org/sites/default/files/Diet%20History%20Form.pdf. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
-
22. WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee. Body condition score chart for cats. Available at: www.wsava.org/sites/default/files/Body%20condition%20score%20chart%20cats.pdf. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
-
23. WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee. Body condition score chart for dogs. Available at: www.wsava.org/sites/default/files/Body%20condition%20score%20chart%20dogs.pdf. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
-
24. WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee. Muscle condition score chart for cats. Available at: www.wsava.org/sites/default/files/Muscle%20condition%20score%20chart-Cats.pdf. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
-
25. WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee. Muscle condition score chart for dogs. Available at: www.wsava.org/sites/default/files/Muscle%20condition%20score%20chart%202013.pdf. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
-
26. Michel KE, Anderson W, Cupp C, et al. Correlation of a feline muscle mass score with body composition determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Br J Nutr 2011; 106 (suppl 1):S57–S59.
-
27. American College of Veterinary Nutrition. Diplomate directory. Available at: www.acvn.org/directory/. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
-
28. European College of Veterinary Comparative Nutrition. Diplomate directory. Available at: www.esvcn.eu/college. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
-
29. Stockman J, Fascetti AJ, Kass PH, et al. Evaluation of recipes of home-prepared maintenance diets for dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242: 1500–1505.
-
30. Bernstein IL. Taste aversion learning: a contemporary perspective. Nutrition 1999; 15: 229–234.
-
31. Agnew W, Korman R. Pharmacological appetite stimulation: rational choices in the inappetent cat. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16: 749–756.
-
32. Quimby JM, Lunn KF. Mirtazapine as an appetite stimulant and anti-emetic in cats with chronic kidney disease: a masked placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial. Vet J 2013; 197: 651–655.
-
33. Quimby JM, Gustafson DL, Samber BJ, et al. Studies on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mirtazapine in healthy young cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34: 388–396.
-
34. Plumb DC. Mirtazapine. Available at: www.plumbsveterinarydrugs.com. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
-
35. Giorgi M, Yun H. Pharmacokinetics of mirtazapine and its main metabolites in Beagle dogs: a pilot study. Vet J 2012; 192: 239–241.
-
36. Dowling PM. Drugs affecting appetite (monogastric). Available at: www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/pharmacology/systemic_pharmacotherapeutics_of_the_digestive_system/drugs_affecting_appetite_monogastric.html. Accessed Sep 19, 2017.
-
37. Quimby JM, Gustafson DL, Lunn KF. The pharmacokinetics of mirtazapine in cats with chronic kidney disease and in age-matched control cats. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25: 985–989.
-
38. Plumb DC. Cyproheptadine. Available at: www.plumbsveterinarydrugs.com. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
-
39. Norris CR, Boothe DM, Esparza T, et al. Disposition of cyproheptadine in cats after intravenous or oral administration of a single dose. Am J Vet Res 1998; 59: 79–81.
-
40. Center SA. Feline hepatic lipidosis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2005; 35: 225–269.
-
41. Hickman MA, Cox SR, Mahabir S, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics and use of the novel NK-1 receptor antagonist maropitant (Cerenia) for the prevention of emesis and motion sickness in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2008; 31: 220–229.
-
42. Ramsey DS, Kincaid K, Watkins JA, et al. Safety and efficacy of injectable and oral maropitant, a selective neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist, in a randomized clinical trial for treatment of vomiting in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2008; 31: 538–543.
-
43. de la Puente-Redondo VA, Siedek EM, Benchaoui HA, et al. The anti-emetic efficacy of maropitant (Cerenia) in the treatment of ongoing emesis caused by a wide range of underlying clinical aetiologies in canine patients in Europe. J Small Anim Pract 2007; 48: 93–98.
-
44. Quimby JM, Brock WT, Moses K, et al. Chronic use of maropitant for the management of vomiting and inappetence in cats with chronic kidney disease: a blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17: 692–697.
-
45. Zollers B, Rhodes L, Smith RG. Capromorelin increases food consumption, body weight, growth hormone, and sustained insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations when administered to healthy adult Beagle dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 40: 140–147.
-
46. Zollers B, Wofford JA, Heinen E, et al. A prospective, randomized, masked, placebo-controlled clinical study of capromorelin in dogs with reduced appetite. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30: 1851–1857.
-
47. Wofford JA, Zollers B, Rhodes L, et al. Evaluation of the safety of daily administration of capromorelin in cats [published online ahead of print Oct 22, 2017]. J Vet Pharm Ther doi:10.1111/jvp.12459.
-
48. Aratana Therapeutics Inc. Aratana Therapeutics announces positive pilot field study of AT-002 in cats. Available at: aratana.investorroom.com/2015-07-27-Aratana-Therapeutics-Announces-Positive-Pilot-Field-Study-of-AT-002-in-Cats. Accessed Dec 4, 2016.
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