1. Lim CC, Bakker SC, Waldner CL, et al. Cataracts in 44 dogs (77 eyes): a comparison of outcomes for no treatment, topical medical management, or phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation. Can Vet J 2011; 52: 283–288.
2. Klein HE, Krohne SG, Moore GE, et al. Postoperative complications and visual outcomes of phacoemulsification in 103 dogs (179 eyes): 2006–2008. Vet Ophthalmol 2011; 14: 114–120.
3. Sigle KJ, Nasisse MP. Long-term complications after phacoemulsification for cataract removal in dogs: 172 cases (1995–2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 228: 74–79.
4. Moeller E, Blocker T, Esson D, et al. Postoperative glaucoma in the Labrador Retriever: incidence, risk factors, and visual outcome following routine phacoemulsification. Vet Ophthalmol 2011; 14: 385–394.
5. Johnsen DA, Maggs DJ, Kass PH. Evaluation of risk factors for development of secondary glaucoma in dogs: 156 cases (1999–2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 229: 1270–1274.
6. Appel SL, Maggs DJ, Hollingsworth SR, et al. Evaluation of client perceptions concerning outcome of cataract surgery in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 228: 870–875.
7. Biros DJ, Gelatt KN, Brooks DE, et al. Development of glaucoma after cataract surgery in dogs: 220 cases (1987–1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 216: 1780–1786.
8. Lannek EB, Miller PE. Development of glaucoma after phacoemulsification for removal of cataracts in dogs: 22 cases (1987–1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001; 218: 70–76.
9. Chahory S, Clerc B, Guez J, et al. Intraocular pressure development after cataract surgery: a prospective study in 50 dogs (1998–2000). Vet Ophthalmol 2003; 6: 105–112.
10. Smith PJ, Brooks DE, Lazarus JA, et al. Ocular hypertension following cataract surgery in dogs: 139 cases (1992–1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996; 209: 105–111.
11. Crasta M, Clode AB, McMullen RJ, et al. Effect of three treatment protocols on acute ocular hypertension after phacoemulsification and aspiration of cataracts in dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2010; 13: 14–19.
12. Miller PE, Stanz KM, Dubielzig RR, et al. Mechanisms of acute intraocular pressure increases after phacoemulsification lens extraction in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1997; 58: 1159–1165.
13. Stuhr CM, Miller PE, Murphy CJ, et al. Effect of intracameral administration of carbachol on the postoperative increase in intraocular pressure in dogs undergoing cataract extraction. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212: 1885–1888.
14. McLean NJ, Ward DA, Hendrix DV, et al. Effects of one-week versus one-day preoperative treatment with topical 1% prednisolone acetate in dogs undergoing phacoemulsification. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 240: 563–569.
15. Gokhale PA, Patterson E. Elevated intraocular pressure after cataract surgery. In: Johnson SM, ed. Cataract surgery in the glaucoma patient. New York: Springer-Verlag 2009;51–55.
16. Crumley W, Gionfriddo JR, Radecki SV. Relationship of the iridocorneal angle, as measured using ultrasound biomicroscopy, with post-operative increases in intraocular pressure post-phacoemulsification in dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2009; 12: 22–27.
17. Miller TR, Whitley RD, Meek LA, et al. Phacofragmentation and aspiration for cataract extraction in dogs: 56 cases (1980–1984). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1987; 190: 1577–1580.
18. Wood JL, Lakhani KH, Read RA. Pectinate ligament dysplasia and glaucoma in Flat Coated Retrievers. II. Assessment of prevalence and heritability. Vet Ophthalmol 1998; 1: 91–99.
19. Read RA, Wood JLN, Lakhani KH. Pectinate ligament dysplasia (PLD) and glaucoma in Flat Coated Retrievers. I. Objectives, technique and results of a PLD survey. Vet Ophthalmol 1998; 1: 85–90.
20. Kato K, Sasaki N, Matsunaga S. Incidence of canine glaucoma with goniodysplasia in Japan: a retrospective study. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 68: 853–858.
21. Wood JL, Lakhani KH, Mason IK, et al. Relationship of the degree of goniodysgenesis and other ocular measurements to glaucoma in Great Danes. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62: 1493–1499.
22. Bjerkås E, Ekesten B, Farstad W. Pectinate ligament dysplasia and narrowing of the iridocorneal angle associated with glaucoma in the English Springer Spaniel. Vet Ophthalmol 2002; 5: 49–54.
23. Bedford PG. A gonioscopic study of the iridocorneal angle in the English and American breeds of Cocker Spaniel and the Basset Hound. J Small Anim Pract 1977; 18: 631–642.
24. Browning AC, Alwitry A, Hamilton R, et al. Role of intraocular pressure measurement on the day of phacoemulsification cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 2002; 28: 1601–1606.
25. Goodman DF, Stark WJ, Gottsch JD. Complications of cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation. Ophthalmic Surg 1989; 20: 132–140.
26. Willis AM, Diehl KA, Robbin TE. Advances in topical glaucoma therapy. Vet Ophthalmol 2002; 5: 9–17.
27. Gelatt KN, MacKay EO. Changes in intraocular pressure associated with topical dorzolamide and oral methazolamide in glaucomatous dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2001; 4: 61–67.
28. Plummer CE, MacKay EO, Gelatt KN. Comparison of the effects of topical administration of a fixed combination of dorzolamide–timolol to monotherapy with timolol or dorzolamide on IOP, pupil size, and heart rate in glaucomatous dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2006; 9: 245–249.
29. Rainer G, Menapace R, Findl O, et al. Intraindividual comparison of the effects of a fixed dorzolamide–timolol combination and latanoprost on intraocular pressure after small incision cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 2001; 27: 706–710.
30. Rainer G, Menapace R, Findl O, et al. Effect of a fixed dorzolamide–timolol combination on intraocular pressure after small-incision cataract surgery with Viscoat. J Cataract Refract Surg 2003; 29: 1748–1752.
31. Rainer G, Menapace R, Schmetterer K, et al. Effect of dorzolamide and latanoprost on intraocular pressure after small incision cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 1999; 25: 1624–1629.
32. Murdoch IE, Morris SS, Cousens SN. People and eyes: statistical approaches in ophthalmology. Br J Ophthalmol 1998; 82: 971–973.
33. Ray WA, O'Day DM. Statistical analysis of multi-eye data in ophthalmic research. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985; 26: 1186–1188.
34. Gilger BC. Concerns with analysis of correlated eye data (lett). Vet Ophthalmol 2011; 14: 214.
35. Johnstone N, Ward DA. The incidence of posterior capsule disruption during phacoemulsification and associated postoperative complication rates in dogs: 244 eyes (1995–2002). Vet Ophthalmol 2005; 8: 47–50.
36. Katsimpris JM, Siganos D, Konstas AG, et al. Efficacy of brimonidine 0.2% in controlling acute postoperative intraocular pressure elevation after phacoemulsification. J Cataract Refract Surg 2003; 29: 2288–2294.
37. Çetinkaya A, Akman A, Akova YA. Effect of topical brinzolamide 1% and brimonidine 0.2% on intraocular pressure after phacoemulsification. J Cataract Refract Surg 2004; 30: 1736–1741.
38. Kir E, Cakmak H, Dayanir V. Medical control of intraocular pressure with brinzolamide 1% after phacoemulsification. Can J Ophthalmol 2008; 43: 559–562.
39. Kim JY, Sohn JH, Youn DH. Effects of intracameral carbachol and acetylcholine on early postoperative intraocular pressure after cataract extraction. Korean J Ophthalmol 1994; 8: 61–65.
40. Moisseiev E. Shemesh, Lazar, et al. Intraocular pressure reduction of fixed combination timolol maleate 0.5% and dorzolamide 2% (Cosopt) administered three times a day. Clin Ophthalmol 2012: 283–287.
41. Impagnatiello F, Borghi V, Gale DC, et al. A dual acting compound with latanoprost amide and nitric oxide releasing properties, shows ocular hypotensive effects in rabbits and dogs. Exp Eye Res 2011; 93: 243–249.
42. Gelatt KN, MacKay EO. Effect of different dose schedules of latanoprost on intraocular pressure and pupil size in the glaucomatous Beagle. Vet Ophthalmol 2001; 4: 283–288.
43. Johnstone McLean NS, Ward DA, Hendrix DV. The effect of a single dose of topical 0.005% latanoprost and 2% dorzolamide/0.5% timolol combination on the blood-aqueous barrier in dogs: a pilot study. Vet Ophthalmol 2008; 11: 158–161.
44. Markomichelakis NN, Kostakou A, Halkiadakis I, et al. Efficacy and safety of latanoprost in eyes with uveitic glaucoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2009; 247: 775–780.
45. Dziezyc J, Millichamp NJ, Smith WB. Fluorescein concentrations in the aqueous of dogs with cataracts. Vet Comp Ophthalmol 1997; 7: 267–270.
46. Kim JY, Jo MW, Brauner SC, et al. Increased intraocular pressure on the first postoperative day following resident- performed cataract surgery. Eye (Lond) 2011; 25: 929–936.
47. Shingleton BJ, Rosenberg RB, Teixeira R, et al. Evaluation of intraocular pressure in the immediate postoperative period after phacoemulsification. J Cataract Refract Surg 2007; 33: 1953–1957.
48. Rose MD, Mattoon JS, Gemensky-Metzler AJ, et al. Ultrasound biomicroscopy of the iridocorneal angle of the eye before and after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69: 279–288.
49. Rich WJ, Radtke ND, Cohan BE. Early ocular hypertension after cataract extraction. Br J Ophthalmol 1974; 58: 725–731.
50. Gerding PA, McLaughlin SA, Brightman AH, et al. Effects of intracameral injection of viscoelastic solutions on intraocular pressure in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1989; 50: 624–628.
51. Wilkie DA, Willis AM. Viscoelastic materials in veterinary ophthalmology. Vet Ophthalmol 1999; 2: 147–153.
52. Arshinoff SA, Albiani DA, Taylor-Laporte J. Intraocular pressure after bilateral cataract surgery using Healon, Healon5, and Healon GV. J Cataract Refract Surg 2002; 28: 617–625.
53. Assia EI, Apple DJ, Lim ES, et al. Removal of viscoelastic materials after experimental cataract surgery in vitro. J Cataract Refract Surg 1992; 18: 3–6.
54. Ekesten B, Narfström K. Correlation of morphologic features of the iridocorneal angle to intraocular pressure in Samoyeds. Am J Vet Res 1991; 52: 1875–1878.
55. Görig C, Coenen RT, Stades FC, et al. Comparison of the use of new handheld tonometers and established applanation tonometers in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67: 134–144.
56. Abraham LM, Epasinghe NC, Selva D, et al. Comparison of the ICare rebound tonometer with the Goldmann applanation tonometer by experienced and inexperienced tonometrists. Eye (Lond) 2008; 22: 503–506.
Advertisement
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of topically applied 2% dorzolamide hydrochloride–0.5% timolol maleate ophthalmic solution (DHTM) on incidence and severity of postoperative ocular hypertension (POH; ie, intraocular pressure [IOP] > 25 mm Hg) in dogs undergoing cataract extraction by phacoemulsification.
DESIGN Randomized, masked, controlled study.
ANIMALS 103 dogs (180 eyes).
PROCEDURES Pertinent history, signalment, and ophthalmic examination findings were recorded. Dogs received 1 drop of DHTM or sham treatment solution (sterile, buffered, isotonic eye drops) in both eyes 14 hours and 2 hours before anesthetic induction and at the time of corneal incision closure (ie, end of surgery); IOPs were assessed by rebound tonometry 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after surgery and between 7:30 and 8:00 am on the following day. Dogs with IOPs of 26 to 45 mm Hg received 1 drop of 0.005% latanoprost solution topically; the surgeon's treatment of choice was used for dogs with IOPs > 45 mm Hg. Incidence of POH and postoperative IOPs were compared between treatment groups.
RESULTS DHTM treatment resulted in significantly lower incidence of POH than did sham treatment at the level of the dog (18/53 [34%] vs 31/50 [62%]) and the eye (24/94 [26%] vs 42/86 [48%]). Mean IOP did not differ between groups at the time of POH detection. The DHTM-treated eyes that developed POH were significantly more likely to have a 1-hour follow-up IOP < 25 mm Hg after latanoprost administration than were sham-treated eyes (19/25 [76%] vs 18/35 [51%]; OR, 3.87).
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Multidose perioperative administration of DHTM in dogs undergoing phacoemulsification reduced the incidence of POH and improved responsiveness of POH to latanoprost treatment.
Dr. Matusow's present address is Cornell University Veterinary Specialists, 880 Canal St, Stamford, CT 06901.