1. Manning SE, Rupprecht CE, Fishbein D. Human rabies prevention—United States, 2008: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm Rep 2008; 57:1–28.
2. Rupprecht CE, Briggs D, Brown CM, et al. Use of a reduced (4-dose) vaccine schedule for postexposure prophylaxis to prevent human rabies: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (Erratum published in MMWR Recomm Rep 2010; 59:493). MMWR Recomm Rep 2010; 59:1–9.
3. Recuenco S, Eidson M, Cherry B, et al. Factors associated with endemic raccoon (Procyon lotor) rabies in terrestrial mammals in New York State, USA. Prev Vet Med 2008; 86:30–42.
4. Freuling CM, Hampson K, Selhorst T, et al. The elimination of fox rabies from Europe: determinants of success and lessons for the future. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120142.
5. Slate D, Algeo TP, Nelson KM, et al. Oral rabies vaccination in North America: opportunities, complexities, and challenges. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009; 3:e549.
6. Rosatte RC, Donovan D, Allan M, et al. The control of raccoon rabies in Ontario, Canada: proactive and reactive tactics, 1994–2007. J Wildl Dis 2009; 45:772–784.
7. Petersen BA, Rupprecht C. Human rabies epidemiology and diagnosis. In: Tkachev S, ed. Non-flavivirus encephalitis. Rjeka, Croatia: InTech, 2011; 247–278.
8. National Association of State and Public Health Veterinarians. Compendium of animal rabies prevention and control, 2016. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 248:505–517.
9. Davis AD, Dupuis M, Rudd RJ. Extended incubation period of rabies virus in a captive big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus). J Wildl Dis 2012; 48:508–511.
10. CDC National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). Nationally notifiable time periods. Available at: wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/rabies-human/. Accessed Jan 12, 2016.
11. Ronald G, Powell J, Raj P, et al. Protocol for postmortem diagnosis of rabies in animals by direct fluorescent antibody testing: a minimum standard for rabies diagnosis in the United States. Atlanta: CDC, 2003. Available at: www.cdc.gov/rabies/pdf/rabiesdfaspv2.pdf. Accessed Dec 31, 2015.
12. Lembo T, Niezgoda M, Velasco-Villa A, et al. Evaluation of a direct, rapid immunohistochemical test for rabies diagnosis. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12:310–313.
13. Blanton JD, Robertson K, Palmer D, et al. Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2008. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 235:676–689.
14. US Census Bureau. 2010 Census summary file. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau, 2010.
15. Blanton JD, Dyer J, McBrayer J, et al. Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2011. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 241:712–722.
16. Christian KA, Blanton JD, Auslander M, et al. Epidemiology of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis—United States of America, 2006–2008. Vaccine 2009; 27:7156–7161.
17. Feldpausch A, Callahan T, Soetebir K, et al. Rabies response: a novel approach to human and domestic animal exposure surveillance in Georgia, in Proceedings. 26th Annu Rabies Americas Conf 2015.
18. Thiede H, Close NS, Koepsell J, et al. Completeness of reporting of rabies postexposure prophylaxis in King County, Washington. J Public Health Manag Pract 2008; 14:448–453.
19. CDC. Low affinity and inconsistent rabies virus variant recognition with most recent lots of rabies diagnostic conjugate. Available at: www.cdc.gov/rabies/pdf/low-affinity-unavailability-rabies-conjugates-nwgrd.pdf. Accessed Jan 19, 2016
20. Blanton JD, Palmer D, Dyer J, et al. Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2010. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 239:773–783.
21. Gordon ER, Curns AT, Krebs JW, et al. Temporal dynamics of rabies in a wildlife host and the risk of cross-species transmission. Epidemiol Infect 2004; 132:515–524.
22. Kim BI, Blanton JD, Gilbert A, et al. A conceptual model for the impact of climate change on fox rabies in Alaska, 1980–2010. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 61:72–80.
23. Kuzmin IV, Shi M, Orciari LA, et al. Molecular inferences suggest multiple host shifts of rabies viruses from bats to mesocarnivores in Arizona during 2001–2009. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002786.
24. Sinclair JR, Washburn F, Fox S, et al. Dogs entering the United States from rabies-endemic countries, 2011–2012. Zoonoses Public Health 2015; 62:393–400.
25. CDC. Rabies in a dog imported from Iraq—New Jersey, June 2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2008; 57:1076–1078.
26. Castrodale L, Walker V, Baldwin J, et al. Rabies in a puppy imported from India to the USA, March 2007. Zoonoses Public Health 2008; 55:427–430.
27. Sinclair JR, Wallace RM, Gruszynski K, et al. Rabies in a dog imported from Egypt with a falsified rabies vaccination certificate—Virginia, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015; 64:1359–1362.
Advertisement
During 2014, 50 states and Puerto Rico reported 6,033 rabid animals and 1 human case of rabies to the CDC, representing a 2.83% increase from the 5,865 rabid animals and 3 human cases of rabies reported in 2013. Of the 6,034 cases of rabies, 5,588 (92.61%) involved wildlife. Relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 1,822 (30.20%) raccoons, 1,756 (29.10%) bats, 1,588 (26.32%) skunks, 311 (5.15%) foxes, 272 (4.51%) cats, 78 (1.29%) cattle, and 59 (0.98%) dogs. Compared with 2013, there was a substantial increase in the number of samples submitted for rabies testing. The 1 human case of rabies involved a 52-year-old male in Missouri. Infection was determined to be a result of a rabies virus variant associated with Perimyotis subflavus; however, no specific exposure event was identified.