1. Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC. Syncope. In: Textbook of veterinary internal medicine: diseases of the dog and the cat. 7th ed. St Louis: Elsevier Saunders, 2010;277.
2. Dobrzynski H, Boyett MR, Anderson RH. New insights into pacemaker activity: promoting understanding of sick sinus syndrome. Circulation 2007; 115:1921–1932.
3. Saunders AB. ECG of the month. Sick sinus syndrome. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 227:51–52.
4. Kavanagh K. Sick sinus syndrome in a Bull Terrier. Can Vet J 2002; 43:46–48.
5. Bonagura JD, Twedt DC. Bradyarrhythmias. In: Kirk's current veterinary therapy XV. St Louis: Elsevier Saunders 2013; 731–737.
6. Short DS. The syndrome of alternating bradycardia and tachycardia. Br Heart J 1954; 16:208–214.
7. Hamlin RL, Smetzer DL, Breznock EM. Sinoatrial syncope in Miniature Schnauzers. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1972; 161:1022–1028.
8. Bonagura JD, DiBartola SP. ECG of the month. Sick sinus syndrome. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983; 183:420–421.
9. Nakao S, Hirakawa A, Fukushima R, et al. The anatomical basis of bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome in elderly dogs with chronic degenerative valvular disease. J Comp Pathol 2012; 146:175–182.
10. Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, et al. Diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias. In: Braunwald's heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2015; 671.
11. Sanders P, Morton JB, Kistler PM, et al. Electrophysiological and electroanatomic characterization of the atria in sinus node disease: evidence of diffuse atrial remodeling. Circulation 2004; 109:1514–1522.
12. Estrada AH, Pariaut R, Hemsley S, et al. Atrial-based pacing for sinus node dysfunction in dogs: initial results. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:558–564.
13. Fedorov VV, Schuessler RB, Hemphill M, et al. Structural and functional evidence for discrete exit pathways that connect the canine sinoatrial node and atria. Circ Res 2009; 104:915–923.
14. Fox PR, Sisson DD, Moise NS. Diagnosis and management of canine arrhythmias. In: Textbook of canine and feline cardiology: principles and clinical practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1999; 331–385.
15. Moneva-Jordan A, Corcoran BM, French A, et al. Sick sinus syndrome in nine West Highland White Terriers. Vet Rec 2001; 148:142–147.
16. Kalman JM, Lee RJ, Fisher WG, et al. Radiofrequency catheter modification of sinus pacemaker function guided by intracardiac echocardiography. Circulation 1995; 92:3070–3081.
17. Euler DE, Jones SB, Gunnar WP, et al. Cardiac arrhythmias in the conscious dog after excision of the sinoatrial node and crista terminalis. Circulation 1979; 59:468–475.
18. Loeb JM, Euler DE, Randall WC, et al. Cardiac arrhythmias after chronic embolization of the sinus node artery: alterations in parasympathetic pacemaker control. Circulation 1980; 61:192–198.
19. Morillo CA, Klein GJ, Jones DL, et al. Chronic rapid atrial pacing. Structural, functional, and electrophysiological characteristics of a new model of sustained atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1995; 91:1588–1595.
20. Yue L, Feng J, Gaspo R, et al. Ionic remodeling underlying action potential changes in a canine model of atrial fibrillation. Circ Res 1997; 81:512–525.
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Dr. Treseder's present address is Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331.
1. Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC. Syncope. In: Textbook of veterinary internal medicine: diseases of the dog and the cat. 7th ed. St Louis: Elsevier Saunders, 2010;277.
2. Dobrzynski H, Boyett MR, Anderson RH. New insights into pacemaker activity: promoting understanding of sick sinus syndrome. Circulation 2007; 115:1921–1932.
3. Saunders AB. ECG of the month. Sick sinus syndrome. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 227:51–52.
4. Kavanagh K. Sick sinus syndrome in a Bull Terrier. Can Vet J 2002; 43:46–48.
5. Bonagura JD, Twedt DC. Bradyarrhythmias. In: Kirk's current veterinary therapy XV. St Louis: Elsevier Saunders 2013; 731–737.
6. Short DS. The syndrome of alternating bradycardia and tachycardia. Br Heart J 1954; 16:208–214.
7. Hamlin RL, Smetzer DL, Breznock EM. Sinoatrial syncope in Miniature Schnauzers. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1972; 161:1022–1028.
8. Bonagura JD, DiBartola SP. ECG of the month. Sick sinus syndrome. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983; 183:420–421.
9. Nakao S, Hirakawa A, Fukushima R, et al. The anatomical basis of bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome in elderly dogs with chronic degenerative valvular disease. J Comp Pathol 2012; 146:175–182.
10. Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, et al. Diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias. In: Braunwald's heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2015; 671.
11. Sanders P, Morton JB, Kistler PM, et al. Electrophysiological and electroanatomic characterization of the atria in sinus node disease: evidence of diffuse atrial remodeling. Circulation 2004; 109:1514–1522.
12. Estrada AH, Pariaut R, Hemsley S, et al. Atrial-based pacing for sinus node dysfunction in dogs: initial results. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:558–564.
13. Fedorov VV, Schuessler RB, Hemphill M, et al. Structural and functional evidence for discrete exit pathways that connect the canine sinoatrial node and atria. Circ Res 2009; 104:915–923.
14. Fox PR, Sisson DD, Moise NS. Diagnosis and management of canine arrhythmias. In: Textbook of canine and feline cardiology: principles and clinical practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1999; 331–385.
15. Moneva-Jordan A, Corcoran BM, French A, et al. Sick sinus syndrome in nine West Highland White Terriers. Vet Rec 2001; 148:142–147.
16. Kalman JM, Lee RJ, Fisher WG, et al. Radiofrequency catheter modification of sinus pacemaker function guided by intracardiac echocardiography. Circulation 1995; 92:3070–3081.
17. Euler DE, Jones SB, Gunnar WP, et al. Cardiac arrhythmias in the conscious dog after excision of the sinoatrial node and crista terminalis. Circulation 1979; 59:468–475.
18. Loeb JM, Euler DE, Randall WC, et al. Cardiac arrhythmias after chronic embolization of the sinus node artery: alterations in parasympathetic pacemaker control. Circulation 1980; 61:192–198.
19. Morillo CA, Klein GJ, Jones DL, et al. Chronic rapid atrial pacing. Structural, functional, and electrophysiological characteristics of a new model of sustained atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1995; 91:1588–1595.
20. Yue L, Feng J, Gaspo R, et al. Ionic remodeling underlying action potential changes in a canine model of atrial fibrillation. Circ Res 1997; 81:512–525.
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