1. Griffin DChengappa MMKuszak JD, et al. Bacterial pathogens of the bovine respiratory disease complex. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2010;26:381–394.
2. Muylkens BThiry JKirten P, et al. Bovine herpesvirus 1 infection and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Vet Res 2007;38:181–209.
3. Woolums AR. Vaccinating calves: new information on the effects of maternal antibody, in Proceedings. 40th Annu Conv Am Assoc Bovine Pract. 2007;10–17.
4. Kimman TGWestenbrink FStraver PJ. Priming for local and systemic antibody memory responses of bovine respiratory syncytial virus: effect of amount of virus, virus replication, route of administration and maternal antibodies. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1989;22:145–160.
5. Ellis JAGow SPGoji N. Response to experimentally induced infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus following intranasal vaccination of seropositive and seronegative calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010;236:991–999.
6. Leyh RDFulton RWStegner JE, et al. Fetal protection in heifers vaccinated with a modified-live virus vaccine containing bovine viral diarrhea virus subtypes 1a and 2a and exposed during gestation to cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus subtype 1b. Am J Vet Res 2011;72:367–375.
7. Woolums ARSiger LJohnson S, et al. Rapid onset of protection following vaccination of calves with multivalent vaccines containing modified-live or modified-live and killed BHV-1 is associated with virus-specific interferon gamma production. Vaccine 2003;21:1158–1164.
8. Ellis JAGow SPMahan S, et al. Duration of immunity to experimental infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus following intranasal vaccination of young passively immune calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013;243:1602–1608.
9. Vangeel IAntonis AFGFluess M, et al. Efficacy of a modified live intranasal bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine in 3-week-old calves experimentally challenged with BRSV. Vet J 2007;174:627–635.
10. Vangeel IIoannou FRiegler L, et al. Efficacy of a modified live intranasal bovine respiratory syncytial virus and temperature-sensitive parainfluenza type 3 virus vaccine in 3-week-old calves experimentally challenged with PI3V. Vet J 2009;179:101–108.
11. Todd JD. Immune response to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) following natural infection or vaccination by intranasally or parenterally administered vaccines. Dev Biol Stand 1974;28:526–529.
12. Woolums ARBrown CCBrown JC, et al. Effects of a single intranasal dose of modified-live bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine on resistance to subsequent viral challenge in calves. Am J Vet Res 2004;65:363–372.
13. Strube WAuer SBlock W, et al. A gE deleted infectious bovine rhinotracheitis marker vaccine for use in improved bovine herpesvirus 1 control programs. Vet Micro 1996;53:181–189.
14. Zygraich NHuygelen C. Vasocoboinic. Vaccination of calves against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis using a temperature sensitive mutant. Dev Biol Stand 1974;26:8–14.
15. Bovine rhinotracheitis vaccine. 9 CFR 113310.
16. Schmidt NJEmmons RW. General principles of laboratory diagnostic methods for viral, rickettsial, and chlamydial infection. In: Schmidt NJEmmons RW, eds. Diagnostic procedures for viral, rickettsial, and chlamydial infections. 6th ed. Baltimore: American Public Health Association, 1989;20–21.
17. Xue WEllis JMattrick D, et al. Immunogenicity of a modified-live virus vaccine against bovine viral diarrhea virus types 1 and 2, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine parainfluenza-3 virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus when administered inatransally in young calves. Vaccine 2010;28:3784–3792.
18. Gerber JDMarron AEKucera CJ. Local and systemic cellular and antibody immune responses of cattle to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus vaccines administered intranasally or intramuscularly. Am J Vet Res 1978;39:753–760.
19. Menanteau-Horta AMAmes TRJohnson DW, et al. Effect of maternal antibody upon vaccination with infectious bovine rhinotrachieitis and bovine viral diarrhea vaccines. Can J Comp Med 1985;49:10–14.
20. Godden SMHaines DMKonkol K, et al. Improving passive transfer of immunoglobulins in calves. II: interaction between feeding method and volume of colostrum fed. J Dairy Sci 2009;92:1758–1764.
Advertisement
OBJECTIVE To evaluate efficacy and duration of immunity of the bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) fraction of a trivalent vaccine also containing parainfluenza virus-3 and bovine respiratory syncytial virus fractions administered intranasally (IN) for protection of calves against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR).
DESIGN Controlled challenge study.
ANIMALS 120 dairy calves (3 to 8 days old) seronegative for antibody against BHV-1 (experiments 1 and 2) or seropositive for maternally derived antibody against BHV-1 (experiment 3).
PROCEDURES In 3 separate experiments, calves were vaccinated IN via 2 nostrils (experiment 1) or 1 nostril (experiments 2 and 3) with a vaccine containing or not containing a BHV-1 fraction. For seronegative calves, the test vaccine contained a minimum immunizing dose of BHV-1; for seropositive calves, it contained a commercial dose of BHV-1. Calves were challenged IN with virulent BHV-1 on day 28 or 193 (seronegative calves) or day 105 (seropositive calves) after vaccination to evaluate vaccine efficacy. Frequency and duration of clinical signs, rectal temperatures, virus shedding, and serologic responses were compared between treatment groups within experiments.
RESULTS In all experiments, BHV-1 vaccinated calves had lower frequencies or shorter durations of clinical signs of IBR than did control calves. Following viral challenge, peak rectal temperatures and degrees of virus shedding were lower and serologic responses were higher in vaccinated versus control calves.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE IN vaccination against BHV-1 protected all calves against clinical IBR disease, regardless of serologic status at the time of vaccination, and suppressed virus shedding. A single dose of this IN vaccine has the potential to protect seronegative calves for at least 193 days and override maternally derived antibody to protect seropositive calves for at least 105 days.