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-
1. Marriott HJL. Systolic murmurs. In: Bedside cardiac diagnosis. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Co, 1992; 83–87.
-
2. Bronzetti G, Corzani A. The seven “S” murmurs: an alliteration about innocent murmurs in cardiac auscultation. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2010; 49: 713.
-
3. Ettinger SJ, Suter PF. Heart sounds and phonocardiography. In: Canine cardiology. St Louis: Saunders-Elsevier, 1970; 12–39.
-
4. Pedersen HD, Häggström J & Falk T, et al. Auscultation in mild mitral regurgitation in dogs: observer variation, effects of physical maneuvers, and agreement with color Doppler echocardiography and phonocardiography. J Vet Intern Med 1999; 13: 56–64.
-
5. Root Kustritz M. History and physical examination of the weanling and adolescent. In: Peterson ME, Kutzler MA, eds. Small animal pediatrics. St Louis: Elsevier, 2011; 28–34.
-
6. Bélanger MC, Côté E. Innocent heart murmurs. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, eds. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 7th ed. St Louis: Elsevier, 2010; 255–258.
-
7. Buchanan JW. Prevalence of cardiovascular disorders. In: Fox PR, Sisson DD, Moïse NS, eds. Textbook of canine and feline cardiology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1998; 457–470.
-
8. Koplitz SL, Meurs KM, Bonagura JD. Echocardiographic assessment of the left ventricular outflow tract in the Boxer. J Vet Intern Med 2006; 20: 904–911.
-
9. Bavegems VC, Duchateau L & Polis IE, et al. Detection of innocent systolic murmurs by auscultation and their relation to hematologic and echocardiographic findings in clinically normal Whippets. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 238: 468–471.
-
10. Lamb CR, Boswood A & Volkman A, et al. Assessment of survey radiography as a method for diagnosis of congenital cardiac disease in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2001; 42: 541–545.
-
11. Tse YC, Rush JE & Cunningham SM, et al. Evaluation of a training course in focused echocardiography for noncardiology house officers. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2013; 23: 268–273.
-
12. Oyama MA, Sisson DD & Thomas WP, et al. Congenital heart disease. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, eds. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 7th ed. St Louis: Elsevier, 2010; 1250–1298.
-
13. Ljungvall I, Ahlstrom C & Höglund K, et al. Use of signal analysis of heart sounds and murmurs to assess severity of mitral valve regurgitation attributable to myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70: 604–613.
-
14. Höglund K, Häggström J & Bussadori C, et al. A prospective study of systolic ejection murmurs and left ventricular outflow tract in boxers. J Small Anim Pract 2011; 52: 11–17.
-
15. Chetboul V, Serres F & Tissier R, et al. Association of plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide concentration with mitral regurgitation severity and outcome in dogs with asymptomatic degenerative mitral valve disease. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23: 984–994.
-
16. Lord PF, Hansson K & Carnabuci C, et al. Radiographic heart size and its rate of increase as tests for onset of congestive heart failure in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with mitral valve regurgitation. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25: 1312–1319.
-
17. Wess G, Mäurer J & Simak J, et al. Use of Simpson's method of disc to detect early echocardiographic changes in Doberman Pinschers with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24: 1069–1076.
-
18. Borgarelli M, Zini E & D'Agnolo G, et al. Comparison of primary mitral valve disease in German Shepherd Dogs and in small breeds. J Vet Cardiol 2004; 6: 27–34.
-
19. Epstein M, Kuehn NF & Landsberg G, et al. AAHA senior care guidelines for dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2005; 41: 81–91.
-
20. Goodwin JK, Lombard CW. Patent ductus arteriosus in adult dogs: clinical features of 14 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1992; 28: 349–354.
-
21. Detweiler DK, Patterson DF. The prevalence and types of cardiovascular diseases in dogs. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1965; 127: 481–516.
-
22. Serfass P, Chetboul V & Sampedrano CC, et al. Retrospective study of 942 small-sized dogs: prevalence of left apical systolic heart murmur and left-sided heart failure, critical effects of breed and sex. J Vet Cardiol 2006; 8: 11–18.
-
23. Kittleson MD. The approach to the patient with cardiac disease. In: Kittleson MD, Kienle RD. Small animal cardiovascular medicine. St Louis: Mosby, 1998; 195–217.
-
24. Côté E, Manning AM & Emerson D, et al. Assessment of the prevalence of heart murmurs in overtly healthy cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004; 225: 384–388.
-
25. Paige CF, Abbott JA & Elvinger F, et al. Prevalence of cardiomyopathy in apparently healthy cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 234: 1398–1403.
-
26. Wagner T, Fuentes VL & Payne JR, et al. Comparison of auscultatory and echocardiographic findings in healthy adult cats. J Vet Cardiol 2010; 12: 171–182.
-
27. Bonagura JD. Feline echocardiography. J Feline Med Surg 2000; 2: 147–151.
-
28. Dirven MJ, Cornelissen JM & Barendse MA, et al. Cause of heart murmurs in 57 apparently healthy cats. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 2010; 135: 840–847.
-
29. Nakamura RK, Rishniw M & King MK, et al. Prevalence of echocardiographic evidence of cardiac disease in apparently healthy cats with murmurs. J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13: 266–271.
-
30. Rishniw M, Thomas WP. Dynamic right ventricular outflow obstruction: a new cause of systolic murmurs in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2002; 16: 547–552.
-
31. Payne JR, Borgeat K & Connolly DJ, et al. Prognostic indicators in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27: 1427–1436.
-
32. Sleeper MM, Roland R, Drobatz KJ. Use of the vertebral heart scale for differentiation of cardiac and noncardiac causes of respiratory distress in cats: 67 cases (2002–2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242: 366–371.
-
33. Fox PR, Rush JE & Reynolds CA, et al. Multicenter evaluation of plasma N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro BNP) as a biochemical screening test for asymptomatic (occult) cardiomyopathy in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25: 1010–1016.
-
34. Schober KE, Maerz I & Ludewig E, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of electrocardiography and thoracic radiography in the assessment of left atrial size in cats: comparison with transthoracic 2-dimensional echocardiography. J Vet Intern Med 2007; 21: 709–718.
-
35. Rush JE, Freeman LM & Fenollosa NK, et al. Population and survival characteristics of cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: 260 cases (1990–1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002; 220: 202–207.
-
36. Johnson MS, Martin M & Edwards D, et al. Pulmonic stenosis in dogs: balloon dilation improves clinical outcome. J Vet Intern Med 2004; 18: 656–662.
-
37. Eyster GE, Eyster JT & Cords GB, et al. Patent ductus arteriosus in the dog: characteristics of occurrence and results of surgery in one hundred consecutive cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1976; 168: 435–438.
-
38. Saunders AB, Gordon SG & Boggess MM, et al. Long-term outcome in dogs with patent ductus arteriosus: 520 cases (1994–2009). J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28: 401–410.
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Management of incidentally detected heart murmurs in dogs and cats
Etienne Côté
DVM
Etienne Côté
Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
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N. Joel Edwards
DVM
N. Joel Edwards
Upstate Veterinary Specialties, 222 Troy Schenectady Rd, Latham, NY 12110.
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Stephen J. Ettinger
DVM
Stephen J. Ettinger
VetCorp Inc, PO Box 1946, Mammoth Lakes, CA 93546.
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Virginia Luis Fuentes
VetMB, PhD
Virginia Luis Fuentes
Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, England.
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Kristin A. MacDonald
DVM, PhD
Kristin A. MacDonald
VCA Animal Care Center of Sonoma County, 6470 Redwood Dr, Rohnert Park, CA 94928.
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Brian A. Scansen
DVM, MS
Brian A. Scansen
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.
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D. David Sisson
DVM
D. David Sisson
Department of Small Animal Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331.
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Jonathan A. Abbott
DVM
Jonathan A. Abbott
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061.
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Supplementary Materials
- Client Information Sheet (PDF 102 kb)
- Executive Summary (PDF 91 kb)
Contributor Notes
Prepared by the Working Group of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Specialty of Cardiology on Incidentally Detected Heart Murmurs.
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-
1. Marriott HJL. Systolic murmurs. In: Bedside cardiac diagnosis. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Co, 1992; 83–87.
-
2. Bronzetti G, Corzani A. The seven “S” murmurs: an alliteration about innocent murmurs in cardiac auscultation. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2010; 49: 713.
-
3. Ettinger SJ, Suter PF. Heart sounds and phonocardiography. In: Canine cardiology. St Louis: Saunders-Elsevier, 1970; 12–39.
-
4. Pedersen HD, Häggström J & Falk T, et al. Auscultation in mild mitral regurgitation in dogs: observer variation, effects of physical maneuvers, and agreement with color Doppler echocardiography and phonocardiography. J Vet Intern Med 1999; 13: 56–64.
-
5. Root Kustritz M. History and physical examination of the weanling and adolescent. In: Peterson ME, Kutzler MA, eds. Small animal pediatrics. St Louis: Elsevier, 2011; 28–34.
-
6. Bélanger MC, Côté E. Innocent heart murmurs. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, eds. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 7th ed. St Louis: Elsevier, 2010; 255–258.
-
7. Buchanan JW. Prevalence of cardiovascular disorders. In: Fox PR, Sisson DD, Moïse NS, eds. Textbook of canine and feline cardiology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1998; 457–470.
-
8. Koplitz SL, Meurs KM, Bonagura JD. Echocardiographic assessment of the left ventricular outflow tract in the Boxer. J Vet Intern Med 2006; 20: 904–911.
-
9. Bavegems VC, Duchateau L & Polis IE, et al. Detection of innocent systolic murmurs by auscultation and their relation to hematologic and echocardiographic findings in clinically normal Whippets. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 238: 468–471.
-
10. Lamb CR, Boswood A & Volkman A, et al. Assessment of survey radiography as a method for diagnosis of congenital cardiac disease in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2001; 42: 541–545.
-
11. Tse YC, Rush JE & Cunningham SM, et al. Evaluation of a training course in focused echocardiography for noncardiology house officers. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2013; 23: 268–273.
-
12. Oyama MA, Sisson DD & Thomas WP, et al. Congenital heart disease. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, eds. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 7th ed. St Louis: Elsevier, 2010; 1250–1298.
-
13. Ljungvall I, Ahlstrom C & Höglund K, et al. Use of signal analysis of heart sounds and murmurs to assess severity of mitral valve regurgitation attributable to myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70: 604–613.
-
14. Höglund K, Häggström J & Bussadori C, et al. A prospective study of systolic ejection murmurs and left ventricular outflow tract in boxers. J Small Anim Pract 2011; 52: 11–17.
-
15. Chetboul V, Serres F & Tissier R, et al. Association of plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide concentration with mitral regurgitation severity and outcome in dogs with asymptomatic degenerative mitral valve disease. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23: 984–994.
-
16. Lord PF, Hansson K & Carnabuci C, et al. Radiographic heart size and its rate of increase as tests for onset of congestive heart failure in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with mitral valve regurgitation. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25: 1312–1319.
-
17. Wess G, Mäurer J & Simak J, et al. Use of Simpson's method of disc to detect early echocardiographic changes in Doberman Pinschers with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24: 1069–1076.
-
18. Borgarelli M, Zini E & D'Agnolo G, et al. Comparison of primary mitral valve disease in German Shepherd Dogs and in small breeds. J Vet Cardiol 2004; 6: 27–34.
-
19. Epstein M, Kuehn NF & Landsberg G, et al. AAHA senior care guidelines for dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2005; 41: 81–91.
-
20. Goodwin JK, Lombard CW. Patent ductus arteriosus in adult dogs: clinical features of 14 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1992; 28: 349–354.
-
21. Detweiler DK, Patterson DF. The prevalence and types of cardiovascular diseases in dogs. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1965; 127: 481–516.
-
22. Serfass P, Chetboul V & Sampedrano CC, et al. Retrospective study of 942 small-sized dogs: prevalence of left apical systolic heart murmur and left-sided heart failure, critical effects of breed and sex. J Vet Cardiol 2006; 8: 11–18.
-
23. Kittleson MD. The approach to the patient with cardiac disease. In: Kittleson MD, Kienle RD. Small animal cardiovascular medicine. St Louis: Mosby, 1998; 195–217.
-
24. Côté E, Manning AM & Emerson D, et al. Assessment of the prevalence of heart murmurs in overtly healthy cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004; 225: 384–388.
-
25. Paige CF, Abbott JA & Elvinger F, et al. Prevalence of cardiomyopathy in apparently healthy cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 234: 1398–1403.
-
26. Wagner T, Fuentes VL & Payne JR, et al. Comparison of auscultatory and echocardiographic findings in healthy adult cats. J Vet Cardiol 2010; 12: 171–182.
-
27. Bonagura JD. Feline echocardiography. J Feline Med Surg 2000; 2: 147–151.
-
28. Dirven MJ, Cornelissen JM & Barendse MA, et al. Cause of heart murmurs in 57 apparently healthy cats. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 2010; 135: 840–847.
-
29. Nakamura RK, Rishniw M & King MK, et al. Prevalence of echocardiographic evidence of cardiac disease in apparently healthy cats with murmurs. J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13: 266–271.
-
30. Rishniw M, Thomas WP. Dynamic right ventricular outflow obstruction: a new cause of systolic murmurs in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2002; 16: 547–552.
-
31. Payne JR, Borgeat K & Connolly DJ, et al. Prognostic indicators in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27: 1427–1436.
-
32. Sleeper MM, Roland R, Drobatz KJ. Use of the vertebral heart scale for differentiation of cardiac and noncardiac causes of respiratory distress in cats: 67 cases (2002–2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242: 366–371.
-
33. Fox PR, Rush JE & Reynolds CA, et al. Multicenter evaluation of plasma N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro BNP) as a biochemical screening test for asymptomatic (occult) cardiomyopathy in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25: 1010–1016.
-
34. Schober KE, Maerz I & Ludewig E, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of electrocardiography and thoracic radiography in the assessment of left atrial size in cats: comparison with transthoracic 2-dimensional echocardiography. J Vet Intern Med 2007; 21: 709–718.
-
35. Rush JE, Freeman LM & Fenollosa NK, et al. Population and survival characteristics of cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: 260 cases (1990–1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002; 220: 202–207.
-
36. Johnson MS, Martin M & Edwards D, et al. Pulmonic stenosis in dogs: balloon dilation improves clinical outcome. J Vet Intern Med 2004; 18: 656–662.
-
37. Eyster GE, Eyster JT & Cords GB, et al. Patent ductus arteriosus in the dog: characteristics of occurrence and results of surgery in one hundred consecutive cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1976; 168: 435–438.
-
38. Saunders AB, Gordon SG & Boggess MM, et al. Long-term outcome in dogs with patent ductus arteriosus: 520 cases (1994–2009). J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28: 401–410.
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