1. American Society of Anesthesiologists. ASA physical status classification system. Available at: www.asahq.org/For-Members/Clinical-Information/ASA-Physical-Status-Classification-System.aspx. Accessed Aug 10, 2013.
2. Hall JE. Rhythmic excitation of the heart. In: Guyton A, ed. Textbook of medical physiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1991; 111–117.
3. Schwarzwald CC, Bonagura JD, Muir WW. The cardiovascular system. In: Muir WW, Hubbell JAE, eds. Equine anesthesia: monitoring and emergency therapy. 2nd ed. St Louis: Saunders Elsevier, 2009; 37–100.
4. Fregin G. The equine electrocardiogram with standardized body and limb positions. Cornell Vet 1982; 72:304–320.
5. Bonagura JD, Reef VB. Disorders of the cardiovascular system. In: Reed SM, Bayly WM, Sellon DC, eds. Equine internal medicine. 2nd ed. St Louis: Saunders, 2004; 372–487.
6. Holm H, Gudbjartsson DF, Arnar DO, et al. Several common variants modulate heart rate, PR interval and QRS duration. Nat Genet 2010; 42:117–122.
7. Smetzer DL, Senta T, Hensel JD. Cardiovascular effects of amphetamine in the horse. Can J Comp Med 1972; 36:185–194.
8. Ducharme NG, Fubini SL. Gastrointestinal complications associated with the use of atropine in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983; 182:229–231.
9. Raymundo H, Scher AM, O'Leary DS, et al. Cardiovascular control by arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreceptors in awake dogs with atrioventricular block. Am J Physiol 1989; 257:H2048–H2058.
10. Vassalle M. The relationship among cardiac pacemakers. Overdrive suppression. Circ Res 1977; 41:269–277.
11. Waldo AL, Vitikainen KJ, Harris PD, et al. The mechanism of synchronization in isorhythmic A-V dissociation. Some observations on the morphology and polarity of the P wave during retrograde capture of the atria. Circulation 1968; 38:880–898.
12. Woehlck HJ, Vicenzi MN, Bosnjak ZJ. Anesthetics and automaticity of dominant and latent pacemakers in chronically instrumented dogs. I. Methodology, conscious state, and halothane anesthesia: comparison with and without muscarinic blockade during exposure to epinephrine. Anesthesiology 1993; 79:1304–1315.
13. Cornick JL, Seahorn TL. Cardiac arrhythmias identified in horses with duodenitis/proximal jejunitis: six cases (1985–1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990; 197:1054–1059.
14. Campbell WB. EKG of the month: accelerated idioventricular rhythm with a “fusion” beat and premature ventricular contraction. J Tenn Med Assoc 1979; 72:214–215.
15. Taylor PM, Browning AP, Harris CP. Detomidine-butorphanol sedation in equine clinical practice. Vet Rec 1988; 123:388–390.
16. Pignide L, Hersch R. Efficacy and limits of magnesium therapy in extrasystole [in French]. Magnesium 1985; 4:272–279.
17. Nath L, Anderson G, Hinchcliff K, et al. Serum cardiac troponin I concentrations in horses with cardiac disease. Aust Vet J 2012; 90:351–357.
Advertisement