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1. American Animal Hospital Association website. Raw protein diet position statement. Available at: www.aahanet.org/Library/Raw_Food_Diet.aspx. Accessed Aug 11, 2013.
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2. AVMA website. Raw or undercooked animal-source protein in cat and dog diets. Available at: www.avma.org/KB/Policies/Pages/Raw-or-Undercooked-Animal-Source-Protein-in-Cat-and-Dog-Diets.aspx. Accessed Aug 11, 2013.
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3. Canadian Veterinary Medical Association website. CVMA policy on raw or undercooked animal-source protein in cat and dog diets. Available at: www.cvma.net/doc.asp?id=21753. Accessed Aug 11, 2013.
-
4 Pet Partners website. Raw protein diet policy. Available at: www.petpartners.org/rawdiet. Accessed Aug 11, 2013.
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5. Schlesinger DP, Joffe DJ. Raw food diets in companion animals: a critical review. Can Vet J 2011; 52: 50–54.
-
6. Strohmeyer RA, Morley PS & Hyatt DR, et al. Evaluation of bacterial and protozoal contamination of commercially available raw meat diets for dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 228: 537–542.
-
7. Billinghurst I. Give your dog a bone: the practical commonsense way to feed dogs for a long healthy life. Alexandria, NSW, Australia: Bridge Printery Ian Billinghurst, 1993.
-
8. Schultze KR, ed. Natural nutrition for dogs and cats: the ultimate diet. Carlsbad, Calif: Hay House Inc, 1998.
-
9. Volhard W, Brown KL. The holistic guide for a healthy dog. New York: Howell Book House, 1995.
-
10. Pitout JD, Reisbig MD & Mulvey M, et al. Association between handling of pet treats and infection with Salmonella enterica serotype Newport expressing the AmpC beta-lactamase, CMY-2. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 4578–4582.
-
11. Clark C, Cunningham J & Ahmed R, et al. Characterization of Salmonella associated with pig ear dog treats in Canada. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 3962–3968.
-
12. White DG, Datta A & McDermott P, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic relatedness of Salmonella serovars isolated from animal-derived dog treats in the USA. J Antimicrobial Chemother 2003; 52: 860–863.
-
13. Finley R, Reid-Smith R & Ribble C, et al. The occurrence and antimicrobial sensitivity of salmonellae isolated from commercially available pig ear pet treats. Zoonoses Public Health 2008; 55: 455–461.
-
14. Freeman LM, Janecko N, Weese JS. Nutritional and microbial analysis of bully sticks and survey of opinions about pet treats. Can Vet J 2013; 54: 50–54.
-
15. de-Oliveira LD, Carciofi AC & Oliveira MC, et al. Effects of six carbohydrate sources on diet digestibility and postprandial glucose and insulin response in cats. J Anim Sci 2008; 86: 2237–2246.
-
16. Hazewinkel H, Vandenbrom W & Vantklooster A, et al. Calcium metabolism in Great Dane dogs fed diets with various calcium and phosphorus levels. J Nutr 1991; 121:S99–S106.
-
17. Meyer H, Zentek J & Habernoll H, et al. Digestibility and compatibility of mixed diets and faecal consistency in different breeds of dog. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1999; 46: 155–165.
-
18. Axelsson E, Ratnakumar A & Arendt M-L, et al. The genomic signature of dog domestication reveals adaptation to a starch-rich diet. Nature 2013; 495;360–364.
-
19. Association of American Feed Control Officials. Official publication. Oxford, Ind: Association of American Feed Control Officials, 2012.
-
20. Nestle M, Nesheim M. Feed your pet right: the authoritative guide to feeding your dog and cat. New York: Free Press, 2010.
-
21. FDA website. Pet food recall products list. Available at: www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/SafetyHealth/RecallsWithdrawals/default.htm. Accessed Aug 11, 2013.
-
22. FDA website. Recalls, market withdrawals, & safety alerts. Available at: www.fda.gov/safety/recalls/default.htm. Accessed Aug 11, 2013.
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23. Steel RJS. Thiamine deficiency in a cat associated with the preservation of “pet meat” with sulphur dioxide. Aust Vet J 1997; 75: 719–721.
-
24. Boermans HJ, Leung MCK. Mycotoxins and the pet food industry: toxicological evidence and risk assessment. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 119: 95–102.
-
25. Morita T, Awakura T & Shimada A, et al. Vitamin-D toxicosis in cats: natural outbreak and experimental study. J Vet Med Sci 1995; 57: 831–837.
-
26. Bernard MT. Raising cats naturally: how to care for your cat the way nature intended. Sandy, Utah: Aardvark Global Pub, 2004.
-
27. Dijcker JC, Hagen-Plantinga A & Everts H, et al. Dietary and animal-related factors associate with the rate of urinary oxalate and calcium excretion in dogs and cats. Vet Rec 2012; 171: 46.
-
28. Crissey SD, Swanson JA & Lintzenich BA, et al. Use of a raw meat-based diet or a dry kibble diet for sand cats (Felis margarita). J Anim Sci 1997; 75: 2154–2160.
-
29. Vester BM, Burke SL & Liu KJ, et al. Influence of feeding raw or extruded feline diets on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen metabolism of African wildcats (Felis lybica). Zoo Biol 2010; 29: 676–686.
-
30. Kerr KR, Vester Boler BM & Morris CL, et al. Apparent total tract energy and macronutrient digestibility and fecal fermentative end-product concentrations of domestic cats fed extruded, raw beef-based, and cooked beef-based diets. J Anim Sci 2012; 90: 515–522.
-
31. Hendriks WH, Emmens MM & Trass B, et al. Heat processing changes the protein quality of canned cat foods as measured by a rat bioassay. J Anim Sci 1999; 77: 669–676.
-
32. Williams PA, Hodgkinson SM & Rutherfurd SM, et al. Lysine content in canine diets can be severely heat damaged. J Nutr 2006; 136:1998S–2000S.
-
33. Rutherfurd SM, Rutherfurd-Markwick KJ, Moughan PJ. Available (ileal digestible reactive) lysine in selected pet foods. J Agric Food Chem 2007; 55: 3517–3522.
-
34. Meade SJ, Reid EA, Gerrard JA. The impact of processing on the nutritional quality of food proteins. JAOAC 2005; 88: 904–922.
-
35. Friedman M. Food browning and its prevention: an overview. J Agric Food Chem 1996; 44: 631–653.
-
36. Damodaran S. Amino acids, peptides and proteins. In: Fennema OR ed. Food chemistry. 3rd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1996;321–429.
-
37. National Research Council Ad Hoc Committee on Dogs and Cats. In: Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006.
-
38. Larsson SC, Wolk A. Meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Intl J Cancer 2006; 119: 2657–2664.
-
39. Sugimura T, Wakabayashi K & Nakagama H, et al. Heterocyclic amines: mutagens/carcinogens produced during cooking of meat and fish. Cancer Sci 2004; 95: 290–299.
-
40. Knize MG, Salmon CP, Felton JS. Mutagenic activity and heterocyclic amine carcinogens in commercial pet foods. Mutat Res 2003; 539: 195–201.
-
41. Freeman LM, Michel KE. Evaluation of raw food diets (Erratum published in J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001; 218:1716). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001; 218: 705–709.
-
42. Taylor MB, Geiger DA & Saker KE, et al. Diffuse osteopenia and myelopathy in a puppy fed a diet composed of an organic premix and raw ground beef. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 234: 1041–1048.
-
43. Dillitzer N, Becker N, Kienzle E. Intake of minerals, trace elements and vitamins in bone and raw food rations in adults dogs. Br J Nutr 2011; 106:S53–S56.
-
44. Larsen JA, Parks EM & Heinze CR, et al. Evaluation of recipes for home-prepared diets for dogs and cats with chronic kidney disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 240: 532–538.
-
45. Heinze CR, Gomez FC, Freeman LM. Assessment of commercial diets and recipes for home-prepared diets recommended for dogs with cancer. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 241: 1453–1460.
-
46. Stockman J, Fascetti AJ & Kass PH, et al. Evaluation of recipes of home-prepared maintenance diets for dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242: 1500–1505.
-
47. KuKanich KS. Update on Salmonella spp contamination of pet food, treats, and nutritional products and safe feeding recommendations. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 238: 1430–1434.
-
48. LeJeune JT, Hancock DD. Public health concerns associated with feeding raw meat diets to dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001; 219: 1222–1225.
-
49. Joffe DJ, Schlesinger DP. Preliminary assessment of the risk of Salmonella infection in dogs fed raw chicken diets. Can Vet J 2002; 43: 441–442.
-
50. Weese JS, Rousseau J, Arroyo L. Bacteriological evaluation of commercial canine and feline raw diets. Can Vet J 2005; 46: 513–516.
-
51. Finley R, Reid-Smith R & Ribble C, et al. The occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonellae isolated from commercially available canine raw food diets in three Canadian cities. Zoonoses Public Health 2008; 55: 462–469.
-
52. Lenz J, Joffe D & Kauffman M, et al. Perceptions, practices, and consequences associated with foodborne pathogens and the feeding of raw meat to dogs. Can Vet J 2009; 50: 637–643.
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53. Selmi M, Stefanelli S & Bilei S, et al. Contaminated commercial dehydrated food as source of multiple Salmonella serotypes outbreak in a municipal kennel in Tuscany. Vet Italiana 2011; 47: 183–190.
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54. Behravesh CB, Ferraro A & Deasy M, et al. Human Salmonella infections linked to contaminated dry dog and cat food, 2006–2008. Pediatrics 2010; 126: 477–483.
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55. Chengappa MM, Staats J & Oberst RD, et al. Prevalence of Salmonella in raw meat used in diets of racing Greyhounds. J Vet Diagn Invest 1993; 5: 372–377.
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56. Stiver SL, Frazier KS & Mauel MJ, et al. Septicemic salmonellosis in two cats fed a raw-meat diet. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2003; 39: 538–542.
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57. Leonard EK, Pearl DL & Finley RL, et al. Evaluation of pet-related management factors and the risk of Salmonella spp. carriage in pet dogs from volunteer households in Ontario (2005–2006). Zoonoses Public Health 2011; 58: 140–149.
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58. Morley PS, Strohmeyer RA & Tankson JD, et al. Evaluation of the association between feeding raw meat and Salmonella enterica infections at a Greyhound breeding facility. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 228: 1524–1532.
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59. Cui S, Ge B & Zheng J, et al. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp and Salmonella serovars in organic chicken from Maryland retail stores. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71: 4108–4111.
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60. Bohaychuk VM, Gensler GE & King RK, et al. Occurrence of pathogens in raw and ready-to-eat meat and poultry products collected from the retail marketplace in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. J Food Prot 2006; 69: 2176–2182.
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61. M'ikanatha NM, Sandt CH & Localio AR, et al. Multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates from retail chicken meat compared with human clinical isolates. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7: 929–934.
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62. Lestari SI, Han F & Wang F, et al. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella serovars in conventional and organic chicken from Louisiana retail stores. J Food Prot 2009; 72: 1165–1172.
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63. Cook A, Odumeru J & Lee S, et al. Campylobacter, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, verotoxigenic Escherichia coli, and Escherichia coli prevalence, enumeration, and subtypes on retail chicken breasts with and without skin. J Food Prot 2012; 75: 34–40.
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64. Zhao T, Foyle MP & Fedorka-Cray PJ, et al. Occurrence of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium DT104A in retail ground beef. J Food Prot 2002; 65: 403–407.
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65. Mollenkopf DF, Kleinhenz KE & Funk JA, et al. Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli harboring blaCMY in retail beef and pork products. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8: 333–336.
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66. Smielewska-Los E, Rypula K, Pacon J. The influence of feeding and maintenance system on the occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii infections in dogs. Pol J Vet Sci 2002; 5: 231–234.
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67. Lopes AP, Cardoso L, Rodrigues M. Serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic cats from northeastern Portugal. Vet Parasitol 2008; 155: 184–189.
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68. Dubey JP, Hill DE & Jones JL, et al. Prevalence of viable Toxoplasma gondii in beef, chicken, and pork from retail meat stores in the United States: risk assessment to consumers. J Parasitol 2005; 91: 1082–1093.
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69. Antolova D & Reiterova K Miterpakova M, et al. The first finding of Echinococcus multilocularis in dogs in Slovakia: an emerging risk for spreading of infection. Zoonoses Public Health 2009; 56: 53–58.
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70. Pao S, Ettinger MR. Comparison of the microbial quality of ground beef and ground beef patties from Internet and local retail markets. J Food Prot 2009; 72: 1722–1726.
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71. Rumbeiha W, Morrison J. A review of class I and class II pet food recalls involving chemical contaminants from 1996 to 2008. J Med Toxicol 2011; 7: 60–66.
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72. FDA website. FDA Amendments Act (FDAAA) of 2007. Available at: www.fda.gov/regulatoryinformation/legislation/federalfooddrugandcosmeticactfdcact/significantamendmentstothefdcact/foodanddrugadministrationamendmentsactof2007/default.htm. Accessed Aug 11, 2013.
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73. LaFlamme DP, Abood SK & Fascetti AJ, et al. Pet feeding practices of dog and cat owners in the United States and Australia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 232: 687–694.
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74. Michel KE, Freeman L. Nutritional requirements across the species. In: Rolandelli RHBankhead RBoullata JI Clinical nutrition: enteral and tube feeding. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2005;43–54.
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75. Dressman JB. Comparison of canine and human gastrointestinal physiology. Pharm Res 1986; 3: 123–131.
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76. Aymerich T, Picouet PA, Monfort JM. Decontamination technologies for meat products. Meat Sci 2008; 78: 114–129.
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77. Baert L, Debevere J, Uyttendaele M. The efficacy of preservation methods to inactivate foodborne viruses. Intl J Food Microbiol 2009; 131: 83–94.
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78. Vanlint D, Rutten N & Michiels CW, et al. Emergence and stability of high-pressure resistance in different food-borne pathogens. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78: 3234–3241.
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79. Rousseau A, Prittie J & Broussard JD, et al. Incidence and characterization of esophagitis following esophageal foreign body removal in dogs: 60 cases (1999–2003). J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2007; 17: 159–163.
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80. Gianella P, Pfammatter NS, Burgener IA. Oesophageal and gastric endoscopic foreign body removal: complications and follow up of 102 dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2009; 50: 649–654.
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81. Frowde PE, Battersby IA & Whitley NT, et al. Oesophageal disease in 33 cats. J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13: 564–596.
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82. Thompson HC, Cortes Y & Gannon K, et al. Esophageal foreign bodies in dogs: 34 cases (2004–2009). J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2012; 22: 253–261.
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83. Köhler B, Stengel C, Neiger-Casas R. Dietary hyperthyroidism in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2012; 53: 182–184.
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84. Thibodeau A, Fravalo P & Laurent-Lewandowski L, et al. Presence and characterization of Campylobacter jejuni in organically raised chicken in Quebec. Can J Vet Res 2011; 75: 298–307.
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85. Finley R, Reid-Smith R, Weese JS. Human health implications of Salmonella-contaminated natural pet treats and raw pet food. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42: 686–691.
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86. Aspinall TV, Marlee D & Hyde JE, et al. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in commercial meat products as monitored by polymerase chain reaction—food for thought? Int J Parasitol 2002; 32: 1193–1199.
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87. Dorny P, Praet N & Deckers N, et al. Emerging food-borne parasites. Vet Parasitol 2009; 163: 196–206.
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88. Dubey JP, Rajendran C & Ferreira LR, et al. High prevalence and genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from goats from a retail meat store, destined for human consumption in the United States. Int J Parasitol 2011; 41: 827–833.
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89. Callaway TR, Edrington TS & Anderson RC, et al. Gastrointestinal microbial ecology and the safety of our food supply as related to Salmonella. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:E163–E172.
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90. Sato Y, Mori T & Koyama T, et al. Salmonella virchow infection in an infant transmitted by household dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2000; 62: 767–769.
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91. Lefebvre SL, Reid-Smith R & Boerlin P, et al. Evaluation of the risk of shedding salmonellae and other potential pathogens by therapy dogs fed raw diets in Ontario and Alberta. Zoonoses Public Health 2008; 55: 470–480.
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92. Finley R, Ribble C & Aramini J, et al. The risk of salmonellae shedding by dogs fed Salmonella-contaminated commercial raw food diets. Can Vet J 2007; 48: 69–75.
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93. Fredricksson-Ahomaa M, Korte T, Korkeala H. Transmission of Yersinia enterocolitica 4/O:3 to pets via contaminated pork. Lett Appl Microbiol 2001; 32: 375–378.
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94. Jones JL, Kruszon-Moran D & Wilson M, et al. Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States: seroprevalence and risk factors. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 154: 357–365.
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95. Jokelainen P, Simola O & Rantanen E, et al. Feline toxoplasmosis in Finland: cross-sectional epidemiological study and case series study. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24: 1115–1124.
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96. Opsteegh M, Haveman R & Swart AN, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic cats in The Netherlands. Prev Vet Med 2012; 104: 317–326.
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97. Babcock S, Marsh AE & Lin J, et al. Legal implications of zoonoses for clinical veterinarians. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 233: 1556–1562.
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98. Weese JS, Rousseau J. Survival of Salmonella Copenhagen in food bowls following contamination with experimentally inoculated raw meat: effects of time, cleaning, and disinfection. Can Vet J 2006; 47: 887–889.
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99. FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine website. Guidance for industry #122. Manufacture and labeling of raw meat foods for companion and captive noncompanion carnivores and omnivores. Available at: www.fda.gov/downloads/animalvet-erinary/guidancecomplianceenforcement/guidanceforindustry/ucm052662.pdf. Accessed Aug 11, 2013.
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100. Baldwin K, Bartges J & Buffington T, et al. AAHA nutritional assessment guidelines for dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2010; 46: 285–296.
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101. WSAVA Nutritional Assessment Guidelines Taskforce Members, Freeman L, Becvarova I & Cave N, et al. WSAVA Nutritional Assessment Guidelines. J Small Anim Pract 2011; 52: 385–396.
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Current knowledge about the risks and benefits of raw meat–based diets for dogs and cats
Contributor Notes
The authors thank Drs. Dottie Laflamme, Nicholas Cave, and David Dzanis for technical assistance.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1. American Animal Hospital Association website. Raw protein diet position statement. Available at: www.aahanet.org/Library/Raw_Food_Diet.aspx. Accessed Aug 11, 2013.
-
2. AVMA website. Raw or undercooked animal-source protein in cat and dog diets. Available at: www.avma.org/KB/Policies/Pages/Raw-or-Undercooked-Animal-Source-Protein-in-Cat-and-Dog-Diets.aspx. Accessed Aug 11, 2013.
-
3. Canadian Veterinary Medical Association website. CVMA policy on raw or undercooked animal-source protein in cat and dog diets. Available at: www.cvma.net/doc.asp?id=21753. Accessed Aug 11, 2013.
-
4 Pet Partners website. Raw protein diet policy. Available at: www.petpartners.org/rawdiet. Accessed Aug 11, 2013.
-
5. Schlesinger DP, Joffe DJ. Raw food diets in companion animals: a critical review. Can Vet J 2011; 52: 50–54.
-
6. Strohmeyer RA, Morley PS & Hyatt DR, et al. Evaluation of bacterial and protozoal contamination of commercially available raw meat diets for dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 228: 537–542.
-
7. Billinghurst I. Give your dog a bone: the practical commonsense way to feed dogs for a long healthy life. Alexandria, NSW, Australia: Bridge Printery Ian Billinghurst, 1993.
-
8. Schultze KR, ed. Natural nutrition for dogs and cats: the ultimate diet. Carlsbad, Calif: Hay House Inc, 1998.
-
9. Volhard W, Brown KL. The holistic guide for a healthy dog. New York: Howell Book House, 1995.
-
10. Pitout JD, Reisbig MD & Mulvey M, et al. Association between handling of pet treats and infection with Salmonella enterica serotype Newport expressing the AmpC beta-lactamase, CMY-2. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 4578–4582.
-
11. Clark C, Cunningham J & Ahmed R, et al. Characterization of Salmonella associated with pig ear dog treats in Canada. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 3962–3968.
-
12. White DG, Datta A & McDermott P, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic relatedness of Salmonella serovars isolated from animal-derived dog treats in the USA. J Antimicrobial Chemother 2003; 52: 860–863.
-
13. Finley R, Reid-Smith R & Ribble C, et al. The occurrence and antimicrobial sensitivity of salmonellae isolated from commercially available pig ear pet treats. Zoonoses Public Health 2008; 55: 455–461.
-
14. Freeman LM, Janecko N, Weese JS. Nutritional and microbial analysis of bully sticks and survey of opinions about pet treats. Can Vet J 2013; 54: 50–54.
-
15. de-Oliveira LD, Carciofi AC & Oliveira MC, et al. Effects of six carbohydrate sources on diet digestibility and postprandial glucose and insulin response in cats. J Anim Sci 2008; 86: 2237–2246.
-
16. Hazewinkel H, Vandenbrom W & Vantklooster A, et al. Calcium metabolism in Great Dane dogs fed diets with various calcium and phosphorus levels. J Nutr 1991; 121:S99–S106.
-
17. Meyer H, Zentek J & Habernoll H, et al. Digestibility and compatibility of mixed diets and faecal consistency in different breeds of dog. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1999; 46: 155–165.
-
18. Axelsson E, Ratnakumar A & Arendt M-L, et al. The genomic signature of dog domestication reveals adaptation to a starch-rich diet. Nature 2013; 495;360–364.
-
19. Association of American Feed Control Officials. Official publication. Oxford, Ind: Association of American Feed Control Officials, 2012.
-
20. Nestle M, Nesheim M. Feed your pet right: the authoritative guide to feeding your dog and cat. New York: Free Press, 2010.
-
21. FDA website. Pet food recall products list. Available at: www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/SafetyHealth/RecallsWithdrawals/default.htm. Accessed Aug 11, 2013.
-
22. FDA website. Recalls, market withdrawals, & safety alerts. Available at: www.fda.gov/safety/recalls/default.htm. Accessed Aug 11, 2013.
-
23. Steel RJS. Thiamine deficiency in a cat associated with the preservation of “pet meat” with sulphur dioxide. Aust Vet J 1997; 75: 719–721.
-
24. Boermans HJ, Leung MCK. Mycotoxins and the pet food industry: toxicological evidence and risk assessment. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 119: 95–102.
-
25. Morita T, Awakura T & Shimada A, et al. Vitamin-D toxicosis in cats: natural outbreak and experimental study. J Vet Med Sci 1995; 57: 831–837.
-
26. Bernard MT. Raising cats naturally: how to care for your cat the way nature intended. Sandy, Utah: Aardvark Global Pub, 2004.
-
27. Dijcker JC, Hagen-Plantinga A & Everts H, et al. Dietary and animal-related factors associate with the rate of urinary oxalate and calcium excretion in dogs and cats. Vet Rec 2012; 171: 46.
-
28. Crissey SD, Swanson JA & Lintzenich BA, et al. Use of a raw meat-based diet or a dry kibble diet for sand cats (Felis margarita). J Anim Sci 1997; 75: 2154–2160.
-
29. Vester BM, Burke SL & Liu KJ, et al. Influence of feeding raw or extruded feline diets on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen metabolism of African wildcats (Felis lybica). Zoo Biol 2010; 29: 676–686.
-
30. Kerr KR, Vester Boler BM & Morris CL, et al. Apparent total tract energy and macronutrient digestibility and fecal fermentative end-product concentrations of domestic cats fed extruded, raw beef-based, and cooked beef-based diets. J Anim Sci 2012; 90: 515–522.
-
31. Hendriks WH, Emmens MM & Trass B, et al. Heat processing changes the protein quality of canned cat foods as measured by a rat bioassay. J Anim Sci 1999; 77: 669–676.
-
32. Williams PA, Hodgkinson SM & Rutherfurd SM, et al. Lysine content in canine diets can be severely heat damaged. J Nutr 2006; 136:1998S–2000S.
-
33. Rutherfurd SM, Rutherfurd-Markwick KJ, Moughan PJ. Available (ileal digestible reactive) lysine in selected pet foods. J Agric Food Chem 2007; 55: 3517–3522.
-
34. Meade SJ, Reid EA, Gerrard JA. The impact of processing on the nutritional quality of food proteins. JAOAC 2005; 88: 904–922.
-
35. Friedman M. Food browning and its prevention: an overview. J Agric Food Chem 1996; 44: 631–653.
-
36. Damodaran S. Amino acids, peptides and proteins. In: Fennema OR ed. Food chemistry. 3rd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1996;321–429.
-
37. National Research Council Ad Hoc Committee on Dogs and Cats. In: Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006.
-
38. Larsson SC, Wolk A. Meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Intl J Cancer 2006; 119: 2657–2664.
-
39. Sugimura T, Wakabayashi K & Nakagama H, et al. Heterocyclic amines: mutagens/carcinogens produced during cooking of meat and fish. Cancer Sci 2004; 95: 290–299.
-
40. Knize MG, Salmon CP, Felton JS. Mutagenic activity and heterocyclic amine carcinogens in commercial pet foods. Mutat Res 2003; 539: 195–201.
-
41. Freeman LM, Michel KE. Evaluation of raw food diets (Erratum published in J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001; 218:1716). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001; 218: 705–709.
-
42. Taylor MB, Geiger DA & Saker KE, et al. Diffuse osteopenia and myelopathy in a puppy fed a diet composed of an organic premix and raw ground beef. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 234: 1041–1048.
-
43. Dillitzer N, Becker N, Kienzle E. Intake of minerals, trace elements and vitamins in bone and raw food rations in adults dogs. Br J Nutr 2011; 106:S53–S56.
-
44. Larsen JA, Parks EM & Heinze CR, et al. Evaluation of recipes for home-prepared diets for dogs and cats with chronic kidney disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 240: 532–538.
-
45. Heinze CR, Gomez FC, Freeman LM. Assessment of commercial diets and recipes for home-prepared diets recommended for dogs with cancer. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 241: 1453–1460.
-
46. Stockman J, Fascetti AJ & Kass PH, et al. Evaluation of recipes of home-prepared maintenance diets for dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242: 1500–1505.
-
47. KuKanich KS. Update on Salmonella spp contamination of pet food, treats, and nutritional products and safe feeding recommendations. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 238: 1430–1434.
-
48. LeJeune JT, Hancock DD. Public health concerns associated with feeding raw meat diets to dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001; 219: 1222–1225.
-
49. Joffe DJ, Schlesinger DP. Preliminary assessment of the risk of Salmonella infection in dogs fed raw chicken diets. Can Vet J 2002; 43: 441–442.
-
50. Weese JS, Rousseau J, Arroyo L. Bacteriological evaluation of commercial canine and feline raw diets. Can Vet J 2005; 46: 513–516.
-
51. Finley R, Reid-Smith R & Ribble C, et al. The occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonellae isolated from commercially available canine raw food diets in three Canadian cities. Zoonoses Public Health 2008; 55: 462–469.
-
52. Lenz J, Joffe D & Kauffman M, et al. Perceptions, practices, and consequences associated with foodborne pathogens and the feeding of raw meat to dogs. Can Vet J 2009; 50: 637–643.
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