Advertisement
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1. Dossin O, Lavoue R. Protein-losing enteropathies in dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2011; 41: 399–418.
-
2. Goodwin LV, Goggs R, Chan DL, et al. Hypercoagulability in dogs with protein-losing enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25: 273–277.
-
3. Dijkstra M, Graus JS, Bosje JT, et al. Protein-losing enteropathy in Rottweilers. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 2010; 135: 406–412.
-
4. Craven M, Simpson JW, Ridyard AE, et al. Canine inflammatory bowel disease: retrospective analysis of diagnosis and outcome in 80 cases (1995–2002). J Small Anim Pract 2004; 45: 336–342.
-
5. Allenspach K, Wieland B, Groene A, et al. Chronic enteropathies in dogs: evaluation of risk factors for negative outcome. J Vet Intern Med 2007; 21: 700–708.
-
6. Weinkle TK, Center SA, Randolph JF, et al. Evaluation of prognostic factors, survival rates, and treatment protocols for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs: 151 cases (1993–2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 226: 1869–1880.
-
7. Piek CJ, Junius G, Dekker A, et al. Idiopathic immune-mediated haemolytic anemia: treatment outcome and prognostic factors in 149 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22: 366–373.
-
8. Mason N, Duval D, Shofer FS, et al. Cyclophosphamide exerts no beneficial effect over prednisone alone in the initial treatment of acute immune-mediated haemolytic anemia in dogs: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Vet Intern Med 2003; 17: 206–212.
-
9. Piek CJ, van Spil WE, Junius G, et al. Lack of evidence of a beneficial effect of azathioprine in dogs treated with prednisolone for idiopathic immune-mediated hemolytic anemia: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Vet Res 2011; 7: 15.
-
10. Olivry T, DeBoer DJ, Favrot C, et al. Treatment of canine atopic dermatitis: 2010 clinical practice guidelines from the International Task Force on Canine Atopic Dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2010; 21: 233–248.
-
11. O'Neill T, Edwards GA, Holloway S. Efficacy of combined cyclosporine A and ketoconazole treatment of anal furunculosis. J Small Anim Pract 2004; 45: 238–243.
-
12. Hardie RJ, Gregory SP, Tomlin J, et al. Cyclosporine treatment of anal furunculosis in 26 dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2005; 46: 3–9.
-
13. Willard MD, Helman G, Fradkin JM, et al. Intestinal crypt lesions associated with protein-losing enteropathy in the dog. J Vet Intern Med 2000; 14: 298–307.
-
14. Allenspach K, Ruefenacht S, Sauter S, et al. Pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of cyclosporine treatment of dogs with steroid-refractory inflammatory bowel disease. J Vet Intern Med 2006; 20: 239–244.
-
15. Yuki M, Sugimoto N, Takahshi K, et al. A case of protein-losing enteropathy treated with methotrexate in a dog. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 68: 397–399.
-
16. Rinkardt NE, Kruth SA. Azathioprine-induced bone marrow toxicity in four dogs. Can Vet J 1996; 37: 612–613.
-
17. Moriello KA, Bowen D, Meyer DJ. Acute pancreatitis in two dogs given azathioprine and prednisone. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1987; 191: 695–696.
-
18. Steffan J, Favrot C, Mueller R. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of cyclosporine for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs. Vet Dermatol 2006; 17: 3–16.
-
19. Foster AP, Shaw SE, Duley JA, et al. Demonstration of thiopurine methyltransferase activity in the erythrocytes of cats. J Vet Intern Med 2000; 14: 552–554.
-
20. Lingard AE, Briscoe K, Beatty JA, et al. Low-grade alimentary lymphoma: clinicopathological findings and response to treatment in 17 cases. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11: 692–700.
-
21. Stein TJ, Pellin M, Steinberg H. Treatment of feline gastrointestinal small-cell lymphoma with chlorambucil and glucocorticoids. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2010; 46: 413–417.
-
22. Rosenkrantz WS. Pemphigus: current therapy. Vet Dermatol 2004; 15: 90–98.
-
23. Taylor F, Gear R, Hoather T, et al. Chlorambucil and prednisolone chemotherapy for dogs with inoperable mast cell tumours: 21 cases. J Small Anim Pract 2009; 50: 284–289.
-
24. von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, et al. The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147: 573–577.
-
25. Hall EJ, German AJ. Diseases of the small intestine. In: Ettinger SG, Feldman EC, eds. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 7th ed. St Louis: Saunders Elsevier, 2010; 1526–1572.
-
26. Leifer CE, Matus RE. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia in the dog: 22 cases (1974–1984). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986; 189: 214–217.
-
27. Gentilini F, Calzolari C, Buonacucina A, et al. Different biological behaviour of Waldenstroem macroglobulinemia in two dogs. Vet Comp Oncol 2005; 3: 87–97.
-
28. Ogilvie GK. Chemotherapy. In: Withrow SJ, MacEwan, EG eds. Small animal clinical oncology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1996; 70–83.
-
29. Laflamme DP. Development and validation of a body condition score system for dogs. Canine Pract 1997; 22: 10–15.
-
30. Day MJ, Bilzert T, Mansell J, et al. Histopathological standards for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal inflammation in endoscopic biopsy samples from the dog and cat: a report from the World Small Animal Veterinary Association Gastrointestinal Standardization Group. J Comp Pathol 2008; 138: S1–S43.
-
31. Whitley NT, Day MJ. Immunomodulatory drugs and their application to the management of canine immune-mediated disease. J Small Anim Pract 2011; 52: 70–85.
-
32. Garden OA. Immune-mediated diseases and therapies. In: Ettinger SG, Feldman EC, eds. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 7th ed. St Louis: Saunders Elsevier, 2010; 728–743.
-
33. Kathrani A, Steiner JM, Suchodolski J, et al. Elevated canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentration in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease is associated with a negative outcome. J Small Anim Pract 2009; 50: 126–132.
-
34. Center SA, ManWarren T, Slater MR, et al. Evaluation of twelve-hour preprandial and two-hour postprandial serum bile acids concentrations for diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991; 199: 217–226.
-
35. Jergens AE, Schreiner CA, Frank DE, et al. A scoring index for disease activity in canine inflammatory bowel disease. J Vet Intern Med 2003; 17: 291–297.
-
36. Mandigers PJ, Biourge V, van den Ingh TS, et al. A randomized, open-label, positively-controlled field trial of a hydrolyzed protein diet in dogs with chronic small bowel enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24: 1350–1357.
-
37. Cohn LA. Glucocorticoid therapy. In: Ettinger SG, Feldman EC, eds. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 7th ed. St Louis: Saunders Elsevier, 2010; 602–608.
-
38. Jergens AE, Crandell J, Morrison JA, et al. Comparison of oral prednisone and prednisone combined with metronidazole for induction therapy of canine inflammatory bowel disease: a randomized controlled trial. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 24: 269–277.
-
39. Willard MD, Jergens AE, Duncan RB, et al. Interobserver variation among histopathologic evaluations of intestinal tissues from dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002; 220: 1177–1182.
-
40. Willard M, Mansell J. Correlating clinical activity and histopathological assessment of gastrointestinal lesion severity: current challenges. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2011; 41: 457–463.
-
41. Kleinschmidt S, Meneses F, Nolte I, et al. Retrospective study on the diagnostic value of full-thickness biopsies from the stomach and intestines of dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease symptoms. Vet Pathol 2006; 43: 1000–1003.
Advertisement
Comparison of a chlorambucil-prednisolone combination with an azathioprine-prednisolone combination for treatment of chronic enteropathy with concurrent protein-losing enteropathy in dogs: 27 cases (2007–2010)
Abstract
Objective—To compare treatment protocols for chronic enteropathy and concurrent protein-losing enteropathy that used prednisolone in conjunction with either azathioprine or chlorambucil in dogs.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—27 dogs.
Procedures—All dogs had hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin concentration, < 18.0 g/L) and chronic enteropathy as diagnosed via complete gastrointestinal tract investigations including intestinal biopsy. Dogs received either an azathioprine-prednisolone combination (group A; n = 13) or a chlorambucil-prednisolone combination (group C; 14). Response to treatment was assessed by evaluation of body weight gain, serum albumin concentration, and duration of primary treatment.
Results—No significant pretreatment differences were detected between groups for any baseline variable (signalment and weight), clinicopathologic variable (albumin, cobalamin, and folate concentrations), or histopathologic findings. After treatment, serum albumin concentration and weight gain were significantly greater in group C. Median survival time for group A dogs was 30 days (95% confidence interval, 15 to 45 days) and was not reached for group C dogs. Duration of primary treatment was positively associated with the histopathologic presence of mild lacteal dilatation and use of a chlorambucil-prednisolone combination.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that a chlorambucil-prednisolone protocol is more efficacious for treatment of chronic enteropathy and concurrent protein-losing enteropathy, compared with an azathioprine-prednisolone combination. Given these findings, a prospective randomized clinical trial is warranted.
Contributor Notes
Dr. Dandrieux's present address is University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia. The work was performed at the School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, England.
Dr. German's senior lectureship was funded by Royal Canin.
Presented in abstract form at the 21st European College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Annual Congress, Seville, Spain, September 2011.
Powered by PubFactory