Fregin GF. The equine electrocardiogram with standardized body and limb positions. Cornell Vet 1982; 72:304–324.
Deem DA, Fregin GF. Atrial fibrillation in horses: a review of 106 clinical cases, with consideration of prevalence, clinical signs, and prognosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982; 180:261–265.
Mitten LA. Cardiovascular causes of exercise intolerance. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1996; 12:473–494.
Ohmura H, Hiraga A, Takahashi T, et al. Risk factors for atrial fibrillation during racing in slow-finishing horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003; 223:84–88.
McGuirk SM, Muir WW. Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1985; 1:353–370.
Fregin GF. Medical evaluation of the cardiovascular system. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1985; 8:329–346.
Physick-Sheard PW, McGurrin MK. Ventricular arrhythmias during race recovery in Standardbred racehorses and associations with autonomic activity. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:1158–1166.
Paterson DJ. Antiarrhythmic mechanisms during exercise. J Appl Physiol 1996; 80:1853–1862.
Hilwig RW. Cardiac arrhythmias in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1977; 170:153–163.
Reimer JM, Reef VB, Sweener RW. Ventricular arrhythmias in horses: 21 cases (1984–1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992; 201:1237–1243.
Helfant RH, Hypokalemia and arrhythmias. Am J Med 1986; 80:13–22.
Schulman M, Narins RG. Hypokalemia and cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65:4E–9E.
Lindinger MI. Potassium regulation during exercise and recovery in humans: implications for skeletal and cardiac muscle. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1995; 27:1011–1022.
Bayly WM, Kingston JK, Brown JA, et al. Changes in arterial, mixed venous and intraerythrocytic concentrations of ions in supramaximally exercising horses. Equine Vet J Suppl 2006; 36:294–297.
Mogg TD. Equine cardiac disease: clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1999; 15:523–534.
Estes NA III, Link MS, Cannom D, et al. Report of the NASPE policy conference on arrhythmias and the athlete. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2001; 12:1208–1219.
Advertisement
Dr. Santonastaso's present address is Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843.